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In-situ
Remediation of MTBE and other Petroleum Hydrocarbons by
Iso-GenÔ
Technology
John
Lambie Environmental H2O, Milwaukie, OR
L.
Donald Ochs, Environmental H2O, Cinnaminson, NJ
MTBE,
TBA, and TAME Removal with Microbubble Ozone Injection
William
B. Kerfoot, K-V Associates, Inc., Mashpee, MA
Paul
LeCheminant, Gettler-Ryan, Inc., Dublin, CA
Effectiveness
of Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction for
Methyl-Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Removal
Travis K.J. Williamson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
James T. Gibbs, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
Julie M. Kramer, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
Thomas L. Macchiarella, Southwest Division, Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, San Diego, CA
Is
the Transect Method for Determining the Mass Flux of a
Contaminant “Junk Science?”
James G. Derouin, Steptoe & Johnson, LLP, Pheonix,
AZ
Murray Einarson, Einarson and Associates, Palo Alto, CA
Removal
of Methyl-t-Butylether from Water Using Synthetic
Adsorbents
W. H. Brendley, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia,
PA
C. B. Hartz, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia,
PA
H. C. Hamann, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia,
PA
Phytoremediation
of Methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) with Ceratopteris
richardii
Bryan
W. Brendley, Gannon University, Philadelphia, PA
William
H. Brendley, Jr., Philadelphia
University, Philadelphia, PA
H. C. Hamann, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia,
PA
Strategic
Pumping to Divert MTBE and BTEX Plume From Municipal Water
Supply Wells
Evan T. Johnson P. E., LSP,
Tighe & Bond, Westfield, MA
Full-Scale
MTBE Biobarrier - Presentation of Final Results form a
3-year ESTCP Demonstration at Port Hueneme, CA
Karen Miller, Naval
Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA
Paul
C. Johnson, Arizona State University
Cristin L. Bruce, Arizona State University
In-situ
Remediation Of MTBE And Other Petroleum Hydrocarbons By
Iso-Gen™ Technology
John Lambie Environmental
H2O, 4011 SE International Way, #604, Milwaukie, OR
97222,
Tel:
503-652-6900, Fax: 503-652-7900
L. Donald Ochs,
Environmental H2O, 5 Erlington Drive, Cinnaminson, NJ
08077, Tel:
609-410-6237, Fax: 856-786-1758
H2O
Technologies has developed Iso-Gen™ as a new in-situ
process using electrolysis to generate high concentrations
of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water.
The technology uses electrolysis to disassociate
water into hydrogen and oxygen and by use of a specific
set of metallurgical and electrical conditions Iso-Gen™
enables the oxygen to go into solution in water as stable
dissolved oxygen (DO). The DO is available for microbes to utilize and degrade MTBE
and other petroleum hydrocarbons and additives.
Iso-Gen consists of an in-well unit and an external
controller that provides power and communication with the
in-well unit(s). The
Iso-Gen™ technology uses vertical recirculation
mechanisms to distribute the DO laden groundwater
throughout the aquifer without pumping any water to the
surface. The downhole pump creates
a 360-degree recirculation pattern into the aquifer. Iso-Gen has been applied successfully on 8 MTBE contaminated
sites to date. Results
from the field sites show that MTBE is consumed by
microbes when high concentrations of DO are introduced by
Iso-Gen™ over a broad area.
Bacterial studies for MTBE degraders have been done
on groundwater samples 90+ days after Iso-Gen application
that show very robust populations of microbes capable of
thriving with MTBE as their sole carbon source. Further
observation of field sites indicate that DO is a lagging
indicator, increasing after petroleum hydrocarbons have
been reduced, presumably by microbial consumption.
MTBE,
TBA, and TAME Removal with Microbubble Ozone Injection
William B. Kerfoot,
K-V Associates, Inc., 766 Falmouth Rd., Unit B, Mashpee,
MA 02649, Tel:
508-539-3002, Fax:
508-539-3566, Email:
wbkerfoot@aol.com
Paul LeCheminant, Gettler-Ryan, Inc., 6747 Sierra Court,
Suite J, Dublin, CA 94568,
Tel:
925-551-7555, Fax: 925-551-7888, Email: plecheminant@grinc.com
When microbubble ozone
is injected into the saturate zone, MTBE and other
oxygenates are stripped into the bubbles to react with
ozone. When
microbubble ozone comes in contact with MTBE, two
breakdown products are hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
A peroxide/ozone film is then formed to increase
the efficiency of the decomposition reaction with later
MTBE entering the bubbles.
The fine micron bubbles are shown in laboratory
tests to strip MTBE, TBA, and TAME from aqueous solutions.
Analysis of a clean-up on a retail gasoline outlet
is conducted. The
stoichiometric demand of MTBE, TBA, and TAME are computed.
The rates of decay observed in the field are
compared with the Clayton model of simplified radial
transport. All
oxygenates exhibited substantial decay.
Reductions of MTBE ranging from 75% to over 99%
were observed during the test period of 3 months.
Although TBA attenuation was similar to MTBE, TAME
appeared to reduce at a faster rate. A close correlation was present between computed theoretical
oxidant demand and the observed rates of decay.
Effectiveness
of Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction for Methyl-Tert-Butyl
Ether (MTBE) Removal
Travis
K.J. Williamson, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King
Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43201Tel:
614-424-4796, Fax: 614-458-4796
James T. Gibbs, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King
Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43201, Tel:
614-424-3642, Fax: 614-458-3642
Julie M. Kramer, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King
Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43201, Tel:
614-424-7358, Fax: 614-458-7358
Thomas L. Macchiarella, Southwest Division, Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, BRAC Program Office, Code
06CM.TM, 1220 Pacific Highway, San Diego, CA 92132, Tel:
619-532-0907, Fax: 619-532-0940
Although specialized
technologies are being developed to treat MTBE due to its
unique characteristics, it should be noted that in some
cases significant removal can be achieved with
conventional treatment technologies such as in situ air
sparging with soil vapor extraction (IAS/SVE).
The U.S. Navy performed an interim remedial action
consisting of IAS/SVE to reduce gasoline concentrations
in soil and groundwater at the Department of
Defense Housing Facility (DoDHF) Former Underground
Storage Tank (UST) Site 957/970 in Novato, California.
The project was funded by Southwest Division, Naval
Facilities Engineering Command in San Diego, California
through the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)
in Port Hueneme, California.
The system initially focused on four zones where
maximum concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,
and total xylenes (BTEX) had been detected in groundwater;
however, the concentrations of MTBE in both groundwater
and the extracted vapor stream were also monitored closely
during system operation.
As remedial activities progressed, MTBE became a
greater concern among the scientific and regulatory
community; therefore, its removal became more central to
the specific remedial objectives at the Site. Although the IAS/SVE system was designed to remove elevated
levels of BTEX compounds, results showed that the system
effectively removed significant MTBE mass.
The MTBE removal was confirmed by the presence of
MTBE in the extracted vapor stream and by the reduction of
MTBE groundwater concentrations.
In addition to significant groundwater
concentration reductions during system operation, MTBE
concentrations did not rebound and continued to decrease
for two years after system operation stopped.
The aggressive treatment of “hot spot” areas
resulted in treatment to levels below those required to be
protective of human health for the intended future site
use.
Is
The Transect Method For Determining the Mass Flux of a
Contaminant “Junk Science?”
James
G. Derouin, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, 301 E. Washington
Street, Suite 1600, Phoenix, AZ 85004, Tel:
602-257-5237, Fax: 602-257-5299
Murray Einarson, Einarson and Associates, 636 Middlefield
Road, Palo Alto, CA 94301, Tel:
650-327-9682, Fax: 650-327-9573
When
creating a computer model to make predictions about the
fate and transport of contaminants and assess the risk to
water supplies posed by the migration of groundwater
contamination, the modeler must enter a value for the
“source term” of the contaminant.
A relatively new method under development for
purposes of quantifying the threat of the contaminant
source term is to estimate the amount of mass migrating
within a contaminant plume past a transect which is
perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow.
Most attempts to estimate mass discharge in Canada
and the United States have been based on the use of
transects of single-screened or multi-level wells which
are periodically sampled which requires reliable estimates
of groundwater velocity distribution and interpolation
between locations for which data are available. Clearly
the methodology has promise, but relatively few peer
reviewed articles have been published on the subject and
there is no current published standard for applying the
transect method and judging the accuracy of mass flux
measurements using it.
Recent field studies suggest that dense sampling
grids and many site-specific measurements of groundwater
velocity are typically needed to reduce the uncertainty in
the process to an acceptable level.
In recent litigation
in California, a trial court found that the transect
methodology “when properly applied” is generally
accepted in the scientific community, but precluded from
admission mass flux estimates produced in a way which the
court found did not properly apply the method. The
decision highlights that if the results of a scientific
study are intended for use in court, careful consideration
must be given to the legal standards applicable to the
admissibility of such results. This presentation will include an analysis of both the
scientific and legal issues presented to the California
court and the scientific and legal significance of the
court’s decision to the consulting profession.
Removal
of Methyl-t-Butylether from Water Using Synthetic
Adsorbents
W. H. Brendley, C.
B. Hartz, and H. C. Hamann, Philadelphia University,
School of Science and Health, School House Lane and Henry
Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19144-5497
A primary contaminant
found in ground water is low molecular weight organic
chemicals. Included
in this category is methyl-t-butylether (MTBE), an
additive used in reformulated gasoline sold throughout the
United States. MTBE
has been identified as a ground water contaminant in many
California aquifers.
We have examined several commercially available
synthetic adsorbents for removal of MTBE from water.
Ambersorb® 572 has been found to be the
most effective adsorbent in removing 1000 ppm (v/v) MTBE
from water. Ambersorb®
572 exhibits fast kinetics, high dynamic capacity and
significant number of bed volumes prior to breakthrough.
We have also completed studying the effect of
repeated loading and regeneration on capacity.
Phytoremediation
of Methyl-tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) with Ceratopteris
richardii
Bryan W. Brendley, Assistant Professor of Biology, Gannon
University, Department of Biology, 109 University Square,
Erie, PA, Tel: 814-871-7121, Fax: 814-871-5464, Email: brendley@gannon.edu
William H. Brendley, Ph.D.,
Dean and Professor of Chemistry, Philadelphia University,
School of Science & Health, School House Lane &
Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144, Tel:
215-951-2648, Fax: 215-951-6812,
Email:
brendleyw@philau.edu
Herman Hamann, Ph.D., Adjunct Instructor, Philadelphia
University, School of Science & Health, School House
Lane & Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144, Tel:
215-951-2870
Fax: 215-951-6812,
Email: hamannh@philau.edu
The phytoremediation
of methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) using Ceratopteris
richardii (C-ferns) was investigated.
Concentrations of MTBE (vol/vol) were studied at
100 ppm up to 15,000 ppm.
The growth and development of C-fern spores in
nutrient agar was observed as was the plant development of
C-ferns. Growth
and development were observed by leaf and rhizome
development. Development
of spore growth in nutrient agar was studied for a period
of 63 days or until agar nutrient was depleted.
A direct correlation
of plant growth to concentration of MTBE in agar medium
was observed. Control
agar medium and low levels of MTBE (100, 500 ppm) utilized
all agar medium after 40 days.
The agar medium remained essentially unchanged with
robust plant growth in direct proportion to higher
concentrations of MTBE.
Data developed leads
to the speculation that the C-ferns are utilizing MTBE as
a primary source of nutrient before reverting to the
nutrient based agar as a secondary nutrient source.
Transplanted C-ferns
in soil indicate direct correlation also with level of
MTBE concentrate.
We are now
investigating additional studies for elucidation of
mechanisms involved.
Strategic
Pumping to Divert MTBE and BTEX Plume From Municipal Water
Supply Wells
Evan
T. Johnson P. E., LSP,
Tighe & Bond, 53 Southampton Rd., Westfield, MA
01085Tel: 413-572-3254, Fax: 413-562-5317, Email:
etjohnson@tighebond.com
Three
underground storage tanks were installed as part of the
opening of a new convenience store in Palmer,
Massachusetts in 1989.
Shortly after installation, the tanks indicated low
product volume. Rather
than believing there was a leak from the new tank, the
store owner ordered a second delivery of fuel to refill
the tank. However,
upon removal, it was determined that the tank had been
damaged during installation.
In total, it is estimated that over 12,000 gallons
of gasoline containing MTBE was released from the storage
tank. Shortly
after the release was detected, a consulting firm was
hired to install a soil vapor and product recovery system
on the property. Several
borings and monitoring wells were installed to evaluate
hydrogeologic conditions and determine the limits of the
gasoline release. The
data indicated that a variable thickness LNAPL layer
measuring 120’ x 90’ was present beneath the facility,
that groundwater was at a depth of 20 feet, and that
groundwater elevations fluctuated by as much as 10 feet
seasonally in the area.
The water supply wells for Palmer Water District #1
(a shallow tubular well field and a deep gravel pack well)
are located approximately 1500 feet immediately
downgradient of the gasoline release.
The initial data from
the treatment system installed at the convenience store
indicated that the LNAPL area was decreasing and that the
gasoline plume had been contained on the site.
However, samples from downgradient monitoring wells
installed as part of the VOC investigation revealed that
an MTBE and BTEX plume had migrated beyond the original
release site. Continued
monitoring indicated that the MTBE and selected BTEX
compounds were migrating at a rapid rate through a deeper
soil unit than the one in which the fuel had originally
had been released. Given
the concern for the municipal supply wells, a pumping well
was installed between the release point and the municipal
wells to divert groundwater flow from the well field.
Despite initial success with the single recovery
well, subsequent monitoring indicated that the plume was
continuing to migrate toward the well field. Therefore, an additional five recovery wells were installed.
Following negotiations with the state Department of
Environmental Protection (DEP), approval was obtained for
discharging the recovery well flow to an adjacent surface
water body for discharge.
The DEP ruling was predicated on the fact that the
concentrations of MTBE and other BTEX compounds were well
below surface water standards and that the benefits to the
municipal well field outweighed any minor impacts to
surface water.
In 2000, the
responsible party, the tank manufacturer, filed bankruptcy
and completed their response actions at the site.
Site remediation and oversight has been taken over
by the DEP with assistance from a state contractor.
Recovery wells continued to discharge to the river
and recent monitoring data collected by both the state and
the Water District indicate that the municipal wells have
yet to be impacted by MTBE or BTEX compounds.
The system will continue to operate as part of a
long-term remedial plan at the site.
Full-Scale
MTBE Biobarrier - Presentation of Final Results from a 3-year ESTCP
Demonstration at Port Hueneme, CA
Karen
D. Miller, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center,
Port Hueneme, California
Paul C. Johnson and Cristin L. Bruce, Arizona State
University
For
the past three years, the ESTCP program has sponsored a
full-scale MTBE-BTEX biobarrier demonstration at the Naval
Base Ventura County, Port Hueneme, CA. This passive flow through biobarrier system was designed to
biodegrade MTBE, TBA and other dissolved hydrocarbons
leaving the downgradient edge of a residual gasoline
impacted source zone. This site is somewhat unique in that the dissolved MTBE plume
is approximately 500 feet wide and about a mile long. Upgradient MTBE concentrations are as high as 10 mg/l, and
the BTEX concentrations are as high as 1-2 mg/l.
Data
from the first 2 years of operation will be presented.
MTBE, TBA, and BTEX concentrations are each being
reduced to less than 0.005 mg/l downgradient of the
biobarrier. Quarterly
sampling results have indicated no evidence of clogging of
the biobarrier.
Results from microcosm studies conducted in the air
only, oxygen only, and bioaugmented zones of the
biobarrier will also be presented.
In addition to the performance data, the design and
O&M costs of this system will be presented in
comparison with a pump and treat containment system
operating at a different location in the same dissolved
plume.
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