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Evaluation
of the Dynamic Operation of a Large-scale Active Soil Gas
VOC Collection System
Lucas A. Hellerich, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wallingford, CT,
William A. Baker, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wallingford, CT
Jonathan P. Melone, Metcalf
and Eddy, Inc., Wallingford, CT
Ronald
Curran, State of Connecticut
Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT
In-situ
Remediation of TCE in Clayey Soils Using the Lasagna
Process
Chris Athmer, Terran Corporation, Beavercreek, OH
Controlled
Environmental Biopiling for Contaminated Land Treatment
Cyrille
Berton, University College Park, Cork, Ireland
Gordon
Lightbody, University
College Park, Cork, Ireland
Martin
Hill, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork,
Ireland
D. Arrigan,University College Cork,
Cork, Ireland,
Michael
Swainson, Building Research Establishment Ltd, Watford,
Hertfordshire, UK
Bridget Corcoran, Response Environmental Technologies Ltd,
Malby, South Yorkshire, UK
Electrical
Resistance Heating for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents
in Low Permeability Soils
Matthew
A. Hunt, Southern Div Naval Facilities Engineering
Command, N. Charleston, SC
Greg Beyke, Southern Div
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, N. Charleston, SC
Casey
Hudson, Southern
Div Naval Facilities Engineering Command, N. Charleston,
SC
Beneficial
Reuse of Diesel-Impacted Soil from Pipeline Release on
Tribal Land
Mark
Kemner, Maxim Technologies, Inc., Missoula, MT
Rick
Greiner,
B.S., Geoscience, Conoco Inc., Houston, TX
Seth Makepeace, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Pablo,
Montana
Characterization
and Remediation of a Former Drop Forge
Nancy E. Milkey, Tighe & Bond, Westfield, MA
Evaluation of the Dynamic Operation of a Large-scale
Active Soil Gas VOC Collection System
Lucas
A. Hellerich,
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 860 North Main Street Extension,
Wallingford, CT 06492, Tel: 203-269-7310, Email:
lucas.hellerich@m-e.com
William
A. Baker, IV,
P.E., Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 860 North Main Street
Extension, Wallingford, CT 06492, Tel: 203-269-7310,
Email: will.baker@m-e.com
Jonathan
P. Melone,
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 860 North Main Street Extension,
Wallingford, CT 06492, Tel: 203-269-7310, Email:
jon.melone@m-e.com
Ronald
Curran,
Bureau of Water Management/PERD, State of Connecticut
Department of Environmental Protection, 79 Elm Street,
Hartford, CT 06106-5127, Tel: 860-424-3764, Email:
ronald.curran@po.state.us
The
former Raymark Industries and its predecessors
manufactured brake linings and related parts from 1919 to
1989 on a 34 acre parcel in Stratford, CT. The site was
identified as a federal Superfund site due to past on-site
disposal of chemical and asbestos- related waste products,
and is currently under the management of the CTDEP.
Extensive remediation work performed by the Army
Corp of Engineers and its contractors to address
contamination from historic on-site waste disposal
practices included the installation of a clay and flexible
membrane liner, an above-liner drainage system, and
conventional and enhanced soil gas collection systems.
Treatment systems installed at this site include a DNAPL
recovery system, a gas vent sand layer with perforated
horizontal gas conveyance collection piping
(conventional), vertical air injection and vapor
extraction wells (enhanced), and soil gas treatment
systems employing thermal oxidation and activated carbon.
Currently, a retail shopping complex is being constructed
on the site.
The
treatment systems have been in operation since 1997 and a
significant set of operational data has consequently been
produced. This work evaluates this five year set of
operational data. The data include groundwater and soil
gas monitoring data, and soil gas and DNAPL recovery data.
Multi-level groundwater monitoring wells are sampled for
geochemical parameters, VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and metals. Air
flow-rates, soil gas concentrations, and the vacuum
underneath the protective site-wide cap are monitored. The
data show decreasing contaminant concentrations in soil
gas and in several of the groundwater wells, with
concomitantly increasing methane concentrations in the
soil gas. The efficiency of the thermal oxidation system
has increased by transitioning the enhanced soil gas
treatment system from the originally designed full-time
operational scheme to operating the system in cycles.
Finally, using this data set, additional variations of the
soil gas treatment system and groundwater monitoring
program are currently under evaluation.
In-situ
Remediation of TCE in Clayey Soils Using the LasagnaÔ
Process
Chris
Athmer,
Terran Corporation, 4080 Executive Dr., Beavercreek, OH
45430, Tel: 937-320-3601
Fax:
937-320-3620, Email: cjathmer@terrancorp.com
The
remediation of solvent contaminated low permeable soils
poses a significant problem for many facilities.
A consortium of industrial partners (Monsanto,
Dupont and GE), the USEPA and the DOE jointly developed a
technology that integrates electrokinetics with in-situ
treatment of chlorinated organics to address this problem.
The process, called LasagnaÔ,
utilizes a DC electric field to move pore water and
contaminants uniformly through the soil mass to treatment
zones emplaced within the contaminated area.
The emplacement is performed using common piling
technologies and results in little or no wastes.
The treatment materials emplaced are typically
iron, coke and kaolin.
After
two field demonstrations, a full-scale Lasagna remediation
system was implemented at the DOE facility in Paducah, KY.
The system was installed and operated over a
two-year period by CDM Federal Programs, Kevil office.
The process was shut down in December 2001 after
meeting the cleanup target of 5.6 mg/kg specified by the
ROD for the site. A description of the Lasagna process
will be presented as well as the full-scale system design,
operations, costs and results.
Lasagna
is a registered trademark of Monsanto Company, St. Louis,
MO.
Controlled
Environment Biopiling For Contaminated Land Treatment
Cyrille
Berton,
Electrical Engineering Dept., University College Cork,
College Road, Cork, Ireland
Tel:
+353 214 903 156, Fax: +353 214 271 698
Gordon
Lightbody,
Electrical Engineering Dept., University College Cork,
College Road, Cork, Ireland Tel: +353 214 902 255, Fax:
+353 214 271 698
Martin
Hill,
National Microelectronic Research Centre, Current Address:
Electronic Engineering Dept. Cork Institute of Technology,
Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland, Tel: +353 214 326 180,
Fax: +353 214 326 569
D.
Arrigan,
National Microelectronic Research Centre, University
College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Room, Cork, Ireland,
Tel: +353 214 904 079, Fax: +353 214 270 271
Michael
Swainson,
Building Research Establishment Ltd, Garston, Watford,
Hertfordshire, WD2 7JR, United Kingdoms, Tel: +44 1923 664
732, Fax: +44 1923 664 095
Bridget
Corcoran,
Response Environmental Technologies Ltd, Abbeyfield House,
Blyth Road, Malby, South Yorkshire, S66 8HX, United
Kingdoms, Tel: +44 1709 816 104, Fax: +44 1709 816 112
TerraNova is an EU
Fifth Framework project for the remediation of polluted
lands in Europe to prevent groundwater contamination. The
Aim is to develop an accelerated ex-situ soil
bioremediation system. The degradation takes place in a
totally contained vessel to prevent further pollution
propagation. In addition to oxygen supply and the
biopile’s regular inoculation with fresh microorganisms
from a NovaCellTM fermenter, a novel aspect of
TerraNova is the soil temperature control via inserted
pipe matrixes. The leachate is returned via the NovaCell
to promote the bacterial cocktail’s adaptation to the
pollution. Prior to bioremediation, the polluted soil is
mixed with BioGelTM, which contains the same
microorganisms, along with nutrients to promote rapid
initial growth. Preliminary laboratory tests suggested
that very high initial bacterial activity occurs when the
microorganisms are degrading the provided nutrients. Heat
generation due to bioremediation resulted in high
temperatures (up to 57oC) in bench scale which
totally incapacitated the micro-organisms. A temperature
control system was implemented to a 3m3
pilot-scale TerraNova. The soil was polluted with 10g/kg
of 60% creosote, 30% diesel and 10% lube oil. The
pollution was reduced by 68% after seven weeks. As
expected, a heat generation peak occurred at the start of
the remediation and was contained by the temperature
control system. These encouraging bioremediation results
suggest that efforts should now focus on improving our
understanding of the other key processes governing
biodegradation. A comprehensive model of the TerraNova
process is currently been developed using a Finite Element
Method. While this model will be used for simulation and
optimisation of the bioremediation, it will also support
the design and tuning of model-based controllers for
parameters such as soil temperature and moisture content.
The project’s ultimate target is to develop a
stand-alone ex-situ bioremediation plant to allow SME’s
to remediation European polluted lands.
Electrical
Resistance Heating for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents
in Low Permeability Soils
Matthew
A. Hunt, Greg Beyke,
and Casey Hudson, Southern Division Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, 2155 Eagle Drive, P.O.Box
190010, N.Charleston, S.C., 29419-9010
Electrical Resistance
Heating (ERH) is being utilized to treat chlorinated
solvents in soil and groundwater at a former Navy Dry
Cleaning facility site.
Electrical resistance heating is an in-situ
technology that uses commonly available electricity and
applies it into the ground through electrodes.
These electrodes can be installed either vertically
to any depth or horizontally underneath buildings,
operating facilities, and in the presence of buried
utilities. The technology is equally effective in soil and
groundwater. ERH
is a Thermal Enhancement for Soil Vapor Extraction that is
effective in removing volatile organics by boiling
groundwater in-situ over an extended period of time at a
controlled rate resulting in volatilization and steam
stripping of sorbed compounds.
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), a typical dry-cleaning
solvent has been released at the site and sequential
dechlorination products of PCE have been detected in soil
and groundwater several orders of magnitude above
regulatory standards.
PCE has migrated vertically downward as a dense
non-aqueous phase liquid through subsurface soil and into
the shallow groundwater (3 to 5 feet below ground surface)
until encountering a clay unit ranging from 8.5 to 13.5
feet below ground surface across the site.
DNAPL has not been observed in groundwater samples
but is suspected to be present based on analysis of
dissolved phase PCE in concentrations up to 120,000 ppb.
The objectives of the ERH implementation are to
achieve between 90% to 95% reduction in groundwater
concentration of the total chlorinated solvent
concentrations in the target treatment area (16,525 square
feet, 6700 cubic feet) and to achieve removal of any DNAPL
residual or pool(s) to the extent practicable.
Beneficial
Reuse of Diesel-Impacted Soil from Pipeline Release on
Tribal Land
Mark
Kemner, M.S.,
Geology, Maxim
Technologies, Inc., 2436 Dixon Avenue, Missoula, Montana
59801, Tel: 406-543-3045, Email: mkemner@maximusa.com
Rick
Greiner,
B.S., Geoscience, Conoco Inc., 600 North Dairy Ashford Road,
Houston, TX 77079,
Tel:
281-293-5683, Email: john.f.greiner@usa.conoco.com
Seth
Makepeace,
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, P.O. Box 278,
51383 Highway 93, Pablo, Montana 59855 Tel: 406-675-2700,
Email: sethm@cskt.org
A
pipeline failure on tribal reservation land in 1987
resulted in the release of approximately 162,000 gallons
of diesel fuel. The
fuel spread over and within an alluvial fan deposit up to
400 feet from the release point.
Emergency response efforts terminated the release
and partially remediated the site through trenching and
excavation, burning, and free product recovery. Subsequent site investigations and remedial activities
characterized the extent of the release in alluvial
sediments consisting mostly of sand, gravel, and silt.
Groundwater impacts were limited to the area just
downgradient of the release point. Soil and groundwater
remedial systems selected for the site included an active
bioventing system, free product recovery wells, and
monitored natural attenuation.
A source assessment showed that although these
remedial systems were reducing diesel concentrations in
soil, the estimated time for remediation was excessive.
A remedial alternatives analysis included
excavation and disposal at a landfill, in-situ or ex-situ
thermal treatment, and an engineered in situ
bioremediation. Through
the combined cooperation of several entities both public
and private, another alternative was discovered which
became the most cost-effective and timely solution for
site soils. Coordination between state agencies, tribal environmental and
cultural branches, and Yellowstone Pipe Line was achieved
to excavate and use over 130,000 cubic yards of impacted
and unimpacted soil as road base for a local highway
project. Soil
with relatively low impacts was used as basecourse and
traffic gravel, while more impacted soil was isolated by
placement in a single 6-inch lift directly beneath the
asphalt cap. Crushed
gravel from the site was used to manufacture asphalt and
chip seal. The
mining and subsequent reclamation were completed within
one year, and the site is currently under a vegetation
management program to control noxious weeds.
Characterization
and Remediation of a Former Drop Forge
Nancy
E. Milkey, P.G.,
Tighe & Bond, 53 Southampton Road, Westfield, MA 01050,
Tel:
413-572-3273, Email: nemilkey@tighebond.com
In
1987, a release of petroleum was identified at an
undeveloped property downgradient of a former drop forge.
The drop forge operated from approximately 1900
through 1979. Subsequent
delineation of the release determined that the source was
within the industrial building area housing the drop
forge. In August 1990, nine fuel oil underground storage tanks (USTs)
were removed from the industrial complex.
While installation dates are not clearly
documented, the tanks may have been installed as early as
1909. During
the removal, large holes were identified in the USTs where
gauging sticks had punctured the bottom of the tanks.
The
site is surrounded by water on three sides and throughout
the investigations sheens have been observed on the
surface water. In 1992, three 36-inch recovery wells were installed in two
areas of the site to prevent future outbreaks of fuel oil
to the adjacent surface water.
In the 1990’s, a detailed hydrogeologic
investigation was completed to identify the presence of
preferential pathways and provide data for the design of a
comprehensive hydraulic and physical barrier.
An extensive soil boring program, including the use
of a cone penetrometer, was undertaken.
The results of the investigation indicated that the
majority of contaminant transport is occurring through a
sand and gravel layer.
In
1997, seven additional recovery wells were installed in
one area of the site to prevent additional outbreaks to
the adjacent ponds and canal.
However, very low groundwater removal rates were
obtained due to the minimal thickness of the sand and
gravel layer across this portion of the site.
In
1999, a Waterloo® Barrier was installed in a V-shaped
pattern to prevent outbreaks to the surface water bodies
and provide a pooling-effect to assist the recovery wells
in removing petroleum-impacted groundwater from the area.
Following the barrier installation, soil excavation
was conducted to remove petroleum-impacted soil from the
downgradient side of the barrier.
To-date very few recurrences of sheens have been
observed on the adjacent canal and ponds and the pumping
rates have significantly increased in this area of the
site.
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