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Phytoremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater using
an Arsenic Hyperaccumulating Fern Pteris
vittata L
Lena Q. Ma, University of Florida
M.S. Tu, and A.O. Fayiga,
University of Florida
Robert
H. Stamps, University of Florida
Edward J. Zillioux, Florida Power & Light Company
Fate
of Volatile Compounds In Phytoremediation Applications
Joel
G. Burken, University of Missouri Rolla
Amanda W. Gilbertson, University of Missouri Rolla
Garrett C. Struckhoff, University of Missouri Rolla
Xingmao Ma, University of Missouri Rolla
Influence
of Cultivation Conditions and Nutrient Stress on the
Exudation of Organic Acid
and
Uptake of Weathered p,p’-DDE- by Zucchini and
Cucumber
Xiaoping Wang, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Haven CT
Jason C. White, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Haven CT
Martin P.N. Gent, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Haven CT
MaryJane
Incorvia Mattina, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Haven CT
Lydia T. Wagner, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Haven CT
Field
Evidence for Plant-Enhanced PAH Degradation and
Implications for Monitoring
C.M. Reynolds, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center
L. B. Perry, ERDC-CRREL
K. L. Foley, ERDC-CRREL
D. B. Ringelberg, ERDC-CRREL
K. J. McCarthy, Battelle
Phytoremediation
of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil:
Results from RTDF Cooperative Field Tests
Peter A. Kulakow, Kansas State University
Xiujuan Feng, Kansas State University
Recent
Advances in Arsenic Phytoremediation
Charissa
Y. Poynton, Mark P. Elless and Michael J. Blaylock,
Edenspace Systems Corporation
Phytoremediation
of Lead and Zinc Contaminated Soils using Mirabilis
jalapa
Prof. Alessandra Carucci, University of Cagliari
Alessia Cao, University of Cagliari
Giuseppe Fois, University of Cagliari
Prof. Aldo Muntoni, University of Cagliari
Phytoremediation
of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater using an Arsenic
Hyperaccumulating Fern Pteris
vittata L
Lena Q. Ma, Soil and Water Science Department, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0290, Tel: 352-392-9063 ext 208, Fax: 352-392-3902, Email:lqma@ufl.edu
M.S. Tu, and A.O. Fayiga, Soil
and Water Science Department, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32611-0290 Tel: 352-392-1951, Fax:
352-392-3902
Robert H. Stamps, Mid-Florida Research and Education
Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703-8504 Tel:
407-884-2034 x164, Fax: 407-814-6186
Edward J. Zillioux, Florida Power & Light Company, Juno Beach, FL
33408, Tel: 561-691-7063, Fax:
561-691-7070
Arsenic is of great environmental concern due to its
extensive contamination and carcinogenic toxicity.
The fact that the standard for arsenic in drinking
water recently has been reduced from 50 to 10 ppb by the
USEPA makes it more urgent to develop reliable and
cost-effective technologies capable of reducing arsenic in
groundwater to environmentally acceptable levels.
Phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater is a
relatively new idea and its viability is still unknown.
In this experiment, an arsenic hyperaccumulating
fern, commonly known as Chinese Brake fern (Pteris
vittata L.), was grown hydroponically to examine its
effectiveness for arsenic removal from groundwater.
The groundwater sample was collected from a utility
sub-station located in south Florida, which was
contaminated from herbicide application in the past. Chinese Brake fern was effective in removing arsenic from
groundwater. A plant grown in 600 ml of groundwater was
able to reduce arsenic from 46 to below 10 ppb in three
days. Supplement of P-free Hoagland nutrition to the
groundwater did not change its effectiveness of arsenic
uptake, but addition of P-containing Hoagland nutrition
significantly reduced its arsenic uptake rate.
Young fern plants were more efficient in removing
arsenic than older fern plants. The study suggested that
Chinese Brake fern has the potential to be used to effectively remove arsenic from groundwater.
In addition to the laboratory studies, preliminary
results from a field demonstration currently underway will
be presented.
Joel
G. Burken, Room 224, Department of Civil, Architectural
& Environmental Engineering,University of Missouri
Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, Tel: 573-341-6547, Fax:
573-341-4729
Amanda W. Gilbertson, Room 311, Department of Civil,
Architectural & Environmental Engineering, University
of Missouri Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, Tel:
573-341-6405, Fax: 573-341-4729
Garrett C. Struckhoff, Room 310, Department of Civil,
Architectural & Environmental Engineering, University
of Missouri Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, Tel:
573-341-6405, Fax: 573-341-4729
Xingmao Ma, Room 201, Department of Civil, Architectural
& Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri
Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, Tel: 573-341-6405, Fax:
573-341-7217
Use
of unique sampling techniques has lead to a new
understanding regarding the fate of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in phytoremediation systems.
Tissue sampling and diffusion traps were used to
determine how VOCs are transported in and diffuse from
vegetation, particularly woody species.
These techniques were then utilized to observe how
plants interact with different contaminated media, showing
different transport if the contamination is primarily in
the vadose zone (vapor phase) or in the saturated zone
(aqueous phase). Data
was gathered in laboratory studies, in native vegetation,
and in engineered phytoremediation systems.
Findings reveal that diffusion from the xylem
tissues to the atmosphere is a major fate for VOCs in
phytoremediation applications.
These techniques were also utilized to observe the
impact of engineered plant/microbe systems, which utilize
recombinant, root-colonizing organisms to selectively
degrade compounds and subsequently alter the fate of VOCs
and other organic compounds.
Influence
of Cultivation Conditions and Nutrient Stress on the
Exudation of Organic Acid and Uptake of Weathered p,p’-DDE-
by Zucchini and Cucumber
Xiaoping
Wang, Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street,
New Haven CT 06504, Tel: 203-974-8530, Fax: 203-974-8502
Jason C. White, Department of Soil and Water, The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123
Huntington Street, New Haven CT 06504, Tel: 203-974-8523,
Fax: 203-974-8502
Martin P.N. Gent, Department of Forestry and Horticulture,
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123
Huntington Street, New Haven CT 06504, Tel: 203-974-8489,
Fax: 203-974-8502
MaryJane Incorvia Mattina, Department of Analytical
Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven CT 06504, Tel:
203-974-8449, Fax: 203-974-8502
Lydia T. Wagner, Department of Soil and Water, The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123
Huntington Street, New Haven CT 06504, Tel: 203-974-8487,
Fax: 203-974-8502
Previous
field studies from our laboratory indicate that zucchini
and cucumber are good and
poor accumulators, respectively, of persistent
organic pollutants from soil.
We have hypothesized that exuded organic acids
facilitate the uptake of persistent organic pollutants by
increasing contaminant bioavailability to the plants.
The objective of this study was to compare DDE
uptake and organic acid exudation by zucchini and cucumber
under various cultivation and nutrient conditions.
When grown under dense planting conditions (3
plants in a 5-kg pot of DDE-contaminated soil), zucchini
accumulated significant and expected amounts of DDE with a
BCF (bioconcentration factor, the ratio of DDE
concentration in plant tissue to that in soil) of 17 for
roots and 8 for stems. Suprisingly, under these stressed
conditions, cucumber accumulated greater DDE in the roots
with a BCF of 33, but translocation to aboveground tissues
was negligible. The
typical root BCF for cucumber species grown under field
conditions is usually less than 1. The concentrations of citric, malic, formic and acetic acids
in the rhizosphere soil of cucumber was significantly
higher than that of zucchini, suggesting that the
increased DDE uptake by cucumber was likely due to
increased organic acid exudation under nutrient stressed
conditions.
Under these dense planting conditions, cucumber
developed an extensive fibrous root system that has not
been observed under field conditions. When analyzed
separately, the DDE concentration in cucumber fine roots s
was six times greater than the concentration in the
composited root system.
The role of cultivation conditions and nutrient
availability in controlling root morphology, organic acid
exudation, and contaminant uptake is currently being
assessed.
Field
Evidence for Plant-Enhanced PAH Degradation and
Implications for Monitoring
C.M.
Reynolds, Research
Scientist, U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory
(ERDC-CRREL), 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290,
Tel: 603 646 4394, Fax: 603 646 4561, Email:
reynolds@crrel.usace.army.mil
L. B. Perry, Lead Research Technician, ERDC-CRREL,
72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290, Tel: 603 646 4624, Fax: 603
646 4561
K. L. Foley, Research
Technician, ERDC-CRREL, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH
03755-1290, Tel: 603 646 4563, Fax: 603
646 4561
D. B. Ringelberg, Research Microbiologist, ERDC-CRREL, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290,
Tel: 603 646 4744, Fax: 603 646 4561
K. J. McCarthy, Research Scientist, Battelle, 397
Washington Street, Duxbury, MA
02331, Tel: 781 934-0571
Rhizosphere-enhanced
remediation can be attractive treatment alternative, yet
determining if contaminant concentrations are decreasing
at field site is difficult. Relatively slow rates of PAH
degradation and their spatial variability in soil
exacerbate the problem. We conducted replicated, factorial
field demonstrations at six locations in wide-ranging
climates. Main factors were vegetation and fertilizer.
Vegetation was either annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or a mixture of grasses (Lolium sp. and Festuca
sp.) and clover (Trifolium sp.). Locally available
agricultural fertilizer was used at each site. We used
both GC-FID and GC-MS techniques to obtain both “raw”
and biomarker-normalized depletions of total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), fraction specific hydrocarbons (FSH),
and individual petroleum compounds, primarily polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
At all sites,
spatial heterogeneity of initial petroleum concentrations
varied widely. Using either raw TPH or
biomarker-normalized TPH as a monitoring variable we
observed a fertilizer main effect in some cases, yet TPH-based
monitoring generally did not show a vegetation effect.
However, using biomarker-normalized PAHs we observed
positive vegetation effects and fertilizer-vegetation
interactions. Vegetation effects generally were more
pronounced as PAH molecular weight increased. Fertilizer
alone resulted in less reduction of heavier PAHs relative
to vegetated treatments and, in some cases, relative to
the non-fertilized, non-vegetated treatment.
TPH-based
monitoring generally was not sufficiently selective to
observe treatment effects and interactions. These field
data, covering a wide range of climatic conditions, are
further evidence that rhizosphere-enhanced remediation
benefits are more pronounced for recalcitrant organics,
such as PAHs, compared to more readily biodegradable
compounds. These data demonstrate the importance of
selecting monitoring techniques that are tailored to
measure the processes that are occurring rather than using
less specific monitoring parameters such as TPH.
Although rhizosphere-enhanced remediation is an
attractive treatment in many respects, short term
monitoring is difficult and requires knowledgeable
selection and application of appropriate monitoring tools.
Phytoremediation
of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil:
Results from RTDF Cooperative Field Tests
Peter A. Kulakow, Department of Agronomy, 2004
Throckmorton Plant Science Center, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS
66506-5501, Tel:785-532-7239, Fax:
785-532-6094, Email:
kulakow@ksu.edu
Xiujuan Feng,Department of Statistics, 101 Dickens Hall,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
66506, Tel: 785-532-7239, Fax: 785-532-7736, Email:
fengxj@ksu.edu
Cooperative
field trials have been in progress since 1998 to test
phytoremediation of weathered petroleum hydrocarbon
contaminated soils as part of the Remediation Technologies
Development Forum. Participants
in the trials include USEPA, Environment Canada, US
Department of Defense, petroleum and utility corporations,
universities, and environmental consultants.
Thirteen test locations include refineries, former
manufactured gas plants, spill sites, motor vehicle
wastes, and oil production sites. The purpose of the trials is to determine if there is
evidence that vegetation enhances progress toward meeting
practical environmental management objectives for
petroleum sites within a three-year period?
A standardized experimental protocol with
site-specific adjustments was developed recognizing that
changes in hydrocarbon concentrations are likely to be
slow and subtle, contaminant distribution in the soil is
variable, and monitoring will be needed of a long time.
Most locations included three treatments:
an unvegetated control, a cool-season grass/legume
mixture, and a locally selected treatment of native plants
or trees. Laboratory
analyses included estimation of total petroleum
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a hopane
biomarker, and petroleum hydrocarbon fractions by the TPH
criteria working group method.
Eleven locations have completed the planned
three-year trial period.
Statistical analyses showed that observable effects
of vegetation treatments on hydrocarbon concentrations
varied among locations.
Some locations showed strong positive effects of
vegetation treatments while others did not show evidence
of treatment differences.
High variability, especially at refinery sites,
decreased the ability to detect treatment differences.
Conclusions and lessons learned will be discussed.
Appropriate applications of phytoremediation for
petroleum sites will depend on contaminant composition,
local conditions, and site-specific environmental
management objectives.
Recent Advances in Arsenic Phytoremediation
Charissa
Y. Poynton, Mark P. Elless and Michael J. Blaylock,
Edenspace Systems Corporation, 15100 Enterprise Court,
Suite 100, Dulles, VA
20151, Tel: 703
961 8700, Fax: 703
961 8939
The
health risks of arsenic (As) are now well documented,
causing problems such as various cancers and adversely
affecting the immune system.
Arsenic occurs naturally in certain rocks, soils
and the water in contact with them, but it has also been
elevated anthropogenically, in particular from mining
activities and from extensive application of As containing
herbicides and insecticides in the late 19th
and first half of the 20th centuries.
The recent discovery of a fern, Pteris vittata,
which hyperaccumulates As raises the possibility of in-situ
phytoremediation of contaminated soils, rather than the
costly alternative of excavation and disposal of topsoil.
This fern can accumulate As in its fronds up to 21
g / kg after 6 weeks in soil contaminated with 0.5 g / kg
As. Phytoextraction
of As from various soils and the effect of altering the
soil pH by liming and different plant spacings have been
examined, using several species within the Pteris
genus in both laboratory and field studies.
The national standard for As in drinking water has
recently been lowered from 50 to 10 μg / L, focusing
attention on this health issue.
Pteris ferns may also be used to remove As
from water by phytofiltration. During the optimization of this technology, the effect of
source water quality (pH, dissolved ions, As oxidation
state), Pteris species, as well as growth and
operating conditions on efficiency of As uptake have been
investigated.
The results of recent technology advances will be
presented, including methods to treat the biomass produced
to allow low-cost disposal as non-hazardous material.
Phytoremediation
of Lead and Zinc Contaminated Soils using Mirabilis
jalapa
Prof. Alessandra Carucci, DIGITA, Dept. of Geoengineering and
Environmental Technologies, University of Cagliari, Piazza
d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy,
Tel: +39/070/6755531, Fax: +39/070/67555223, Email: carucci@unica.it
Alessia Cao, DIGITA, Dept. of Geoengineering and
Environmental Technologies, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123
Cagliari, Italy, Tel:
+39/070/6755550, Fax: +39/070/67555223, Email: a.cao@tiscali.it
Giuseppe Fois, Botanical Garden, Dept. of Botanical Sciences,
University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi
11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy, Tel: +39/070/6753522
Prof. Aldo Muntoni, DIGITA, Dept. of Geoengineering and
Environmental Technologies, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123
Cagliari, Italy, Tel: +39/070/6755546, Fax:
+39/070/67555223, Email: amuntoni@unica.it
The mining district
of Montevecchio-Ingurtosu is located in the SW of Sardinia
and, in the last 150 years, has played a major role in the
regional economic wealth, for the intense mining
production during the exploitation of the Pb-Zn ore. When
mining activity ceased no practical measures were taken in
order to limit the dispersion of contaminants in soils and
rivers.
The wide extension of
the contaminated area makes the use of traditional
remediation techniques too costly. Among the new
reclamation techniques phytoremediation is of growing
interest because of the low environmental impact and
cost-effectiveness.
This study has the
aim to test phytoremediation using soils obtained by
diluting the highly contaminated soil found in the area
near Riu Sitzerri, 20 km downstream Picalinna tailing dam,
with vegetative soil and compost.
A preliminary study
was made in order to find a plant to be used for the
experiment and Mirabilis jalapa was selected for
its capacity to accumulate concentrations of 1.5% of Pb in
shoots (Kambhampati and Williams, 2001).
The experiment was
divided into two parts. During the first part Montevecchio
soils were diluted with vegetative soils with a dilution
factor 4 and 8 (600-1700 ppm Zn; 5700-19000 ppm Pb). In
the second part Mirabilis jalapa was planted in
soils artificially contaminated with different Zn (500 ppm,
1000 ppm, 2000 ppm) and Pb concentrations (400 ppm, 600
ppm, 800 ppm). Every experiment was made using two
replicates. Each part of the experiment lasted four
months.
Soil total and bioavailable metal
concentrations were determined before and after the
experiment, while plant metal concentrations were
determined every month during the experiment using both a
total and a sequential extraction method (Morrison et
al., 1981).
In order to evaluate their influence in the
phytoextraction process also mycorrhyzal frequency and
structure and activity of microbial populations were
analysed during the experiment (Kamnev and van der Lelie,
2000).
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