Sponsored
by AMEC Earth and Environmental
Environmental
Range Management
Michael Warminsky, PE, AMEC Earth and Environmental
Environmental
Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Firing Ranges
Mark Begley, Environmental Management Commission,
Massachusetts Military Reservation, Camp Edwards, MA
Update
of the RangeSafe Program
Greg O’Connor, Picatinny Arsenal RDE-COM/ARDEC
Suppression
of Tungsten's Leachability in Water
Hans-Joachim Lunk, OSRAM Sylvania, Towanda, PA
A
Challenge for the Applicability of Regulatory Leaching
Tests for Assessing Lead Leachability in Shooting Range
Soils: Comparison of TCLP and SPLP
Xinde Cao, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ
Use
of Predictive Models for Characterization of Trap and
Skeet Ranges: Case Studies and
Model Results
David Mackie, AMEC Earth and Environmental
Environmental
Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Firing Ranges
Mark Begley, Environmental Management Commission,
Massachusetts Military Reservation, Building 1204, Camp
Edwards, MA 02542, Tel: 508 946-2871, Fax: 508 968-5128,
Email: Mark.Begley@state.ma.us
Bonnie Packer, U.S.
Army Environmental Center, SFIMAEC-PCT, 5179 Hadley Rd,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010,
Tel: 410-436-6846, Fax: 410 436-6836, Email: Bonnie.packer@aec.apgea.army.mil
The Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) subgroup
on Small Arms Ranges has published (February 2005) its
document, “Environmental Management at Operating Outdoor
Small Arms Firing Ranges.”
In addition to making this document widely
available on its web page (http://www.itrcweb.org/gd_SMART.asp),
the ITRC also provides free internet based training and
class room training (2005) which aids small arms range
managers in proactively managing environmental issues on
their ranges.
Constituents from small arms projectiles, targets, and
primers used at a range can potentially migrate in the
environment. Depending on the depth of groundwater,
climate, soil chemistry, or proximity to surface water at
the range, constituents can reach groundwater or surface
waters.
Well-designed and -managed ranges should incur only
manageable environmental issues during operation.
Environmental conditions at operating ranges need to be
evaluated, however, to delineate any existing and
potential risks to the environment. Upon identifying a
problem, measures should to be undertaken to correct,
prevent or minimize adverse environmental impacts.
The ITRC document and
training are intended to help minimize potential exposures
to lead and other materials associated with shooting
ranges. They
are designed to assist range operators in developing,
using, and monitoring environmental management plans at
their active outdoor small arms firing ranges. The central
task in formulating an environmental management plan is
the selection and implementation of effective and reliable
pollution prevention and mitigation measures, otherwise
referred to as “best management practices” (BMPs). The
document and training developed by a partnership among
state and federal environmental representatives,
Department of Defense, shooting sports industry, and
stakeholders, focuses on providing range operators with
the guidance they need to identify and undertake BMPs that
are appropriate for and tailored to the site-specific
environmental conditions at their ranges.
Suppression
of Tungsten’s Leachability in Water
Dr. Hans-Joachim Lunk, OSRAM Sylvania, Hawes Street,
Towanda, PA 18848, Tel: 570-268-5503, Email:
hans-joachim.lunk@sylvania.com
Dr. Sheema Roychowdhury, OSRAM Sylvania, Hawes Street,
Towanda, PA 18848, Tel: 570-268-5373, Email:
sheema.roychowdhury@sylvania.com.
The next generation of bullets and other projectiles for use
in small arms is relying on new and at the same time
non-toxic materials to reproduce the density and
properties of lead. The
primary materials of choice for the high-density
components are tungsten and tungsten alloys.
The experimental data of a leachability study of pure
tungsten and ceramic-coated tungsten is presented.
The extent and rate of tungsten’s leachability in water
under aerobic conditions first of all depends on the pH.
For the studied pH range 1.5 - 8.5, a pH of 8.5
revealed the most pronounced leachability.
Tungsten’s leachability at pH 1.5 is negligible.The
first step of the interaction between tungsten and the
oxygen-containing water can be described as follows: W
+ H2O
+ 1.5
O2 ®
WO42-
+ 2 H+.
Secondly,
monotungstate, WO42-, reacts with H+,
resulting in the formation of the soluble metatungstate
anion [H2W12O40]6-:
12 WO42-
+ 18 H+ ®
[H2W12O40]6-
+ 8 H2O.
Tungsten’s leachability strongly depends on the surface
area. In descending order of surface area, a tungsten
powder is a worst-case scenario followed by a pressed
tungsten powder compact, and finally, a sintered tungsten
powder part.
By addition of selected metals M, the leachability of
tungsten can be significantly suppressed.
The cation Mn+ interacts with [H2W12O40]6-,
producing tungstates like MIIWO4 and
MIII2(WO4)3,
which are characterized by an extremely low solubility.
The addition of selected metals to tungsten powder
suppresses the leachability of tungsten to a great extent
and at the same time exhibits only a minor leachability.
An alternative way to prevent or greatly minimize the
leachability of tungsten consists in adding selected salts
or oxides to tungsten.
The solubility of the selected compounds must be
slightly higher than the solubility of the tungstates to
be formed.
A
Challenge for the Applicability of Regulatory Leaching
Tests for Assessing Lead Leachability in Shooting Range
Soils: Comparison of TCLP and SPLP
Xinde
Cao,
Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of
Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, Tel: 201-216-5432, Fax:
201-216-8212, Email: xcao@stevens.edu
Dimitris Dermatas, Center for Environmental Systems,
Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, Tel:
201-216-8916, Fax: 201-216-8212, Email: ddermatas@stevens.edu
Christos Christodoulatos,
Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of
Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, Tel: 201-216-5675, Fax:
201-216-8303, Email: christo@stevens.edu
Contamination of lead (Pb) from use of Pb bullets at shooting
range sites has drawn considerable environmental
attention. Treatments and/or disposal of contaminated
range soils depend upon the leaching potential of Pb. The
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the
current USEPA standard protocol to evaluate metal
leachability. However, application of TCLP to assess Pb
leachability from contaminated range soils may be
questionable. This study determined Pb leachability in
range soils using two USEPA regulatory leaching methods,
i.e. TCLP and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP).
Possible mechanisms that are responsible for Pb leaching
in each leaching protocol were elucidated via X-ray powder
diffraction. Soil samples were collected from the backstop
berms at four shooting ranges, with Pb concentrations as
high as 60,600 mg kg-1 soil. Lead
concentrations in the TCLP leachate ranged from 3 to 350
mg L-1, with all but one soil exceeding the
USEPA non-hazardous waste disposal limit of 5 mg L-1.
Furthermore, continued dissolution of metallic Pb and
re-precipitation of cerussite prevented the TCLP
extraction from reaching equilibrium at the standard
leaching time of 18 h. Thus, the standard one-point TCLP
test would either over- or under-estimate Pb leachability
in range soils. SPLP-Pb levels ranged from 0.021 to 2.6
mg/L, with all soils above the USEPA regulatory limit of
0.015 mg/L. The analytical SPLP results in all soils
agreed well with a modeling prediction. In contrast to
TCLP, SPLP leaching readily
reached equilibrium within standard time of 18h,
regardless of pH and Pb concentrations, and the acidic
rainfall environment that the SPLP fluid simulates is
identical to the condition that the shooting range soil is
actually exposed to. Therefore, SPLP is a more appropriate
leaching test than TCLP for assessing lead leachability in
range soils. This is very important in helping the USEPA
in regulating the evaluation of Pb leachability and
subsequent treatment of shooting range soils.
Top
|
