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Sponsored
by Regenesis
Integration
Chemical and Biological Technologies for Remediation of
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Ben Mork,
Regenesis, San Clemente, CA
Combined
Physical and Biological Processes for Remediation of
Contaminated Sites.
Maureen Dooley, Regenesis, Wakefield, MA
Former
Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Remediation using
Surfactant-Enhanced In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO®)
John Collins, Ph.D., VeruTEK Technologies, Inc.,
Glastonbury, CT
Evaluation
of In-Situ Biostimulation Effects Related to Sodium
Persulfate Injections
Edward Sullivan, P.G., The Whitman Companies, Inc., East Brunswick,
NJ
Bioremediation
of TCE and TCA using SDC-9TM after Sodium Permanganate
Treatment
Raymond
J. Cadorette, Shaw Environmental, Inc., Hopkinton, MA
Biodegradation
of Anthracene in Presence of Humid Acid and Biosurfactants
Hui Chen, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
Integration
Chemical and Biological Technologies for Remediation of
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Ben Mork, Ph.D. and Bob Kelley, Ph.D., Regenesis, 1011
Calle Sombra, San Clemente, CA, 92673 USA, Tel:
949-366-8000, Fax: 949-366-8090, Email: bmork@regenesis.com
While
environmental remediation literature has contained
references to 'treatment trains' for decades, the last 3-5
years have seen a significant increase in actual field
deployments to address contaminated groundwater.
ISCO and enhanced bioremediation are promising
technologies for the treatment of source areas.
Several field demonstrations were recently
completed to demonstrate the efficacy of coupling in situ
chemical oxidation (ISCO) to rapidly remove accessible
mass with in situ enhanced bioremediation to degrade and
contain the remaining mass.
Two
case studies will be discussed in detail.
The first was a former retail gasoline station in
which chemical oxidation (RegenOx™) was followed
sequentially with enhanced bioremediation (ORC-Advanced®)
were used to remediate BTEX contamination in and round a
excavation resulting from a tank removal. The initial
concentrations were in the 50ppm range, and treatment
goals were achieved within 2 months.
Mass flux calculations based on groundwater
measurement indicate significant reduction in contaminant
mass. In a second field demonstration, similar BTEX
removal (96%) was seen with a simultaneous application of
RegenOx™ and ORC Advanced®.
Treatment goals were reached in 4 months
This
presentation will provide an overview of the results from
these field demonstrations, draw conclusions for the
applicability of the technology for groundwater
remediation and provide recommendations for a
best-practice approach for future work with the combined
chemical oxidation and enhanced bioremediation
technologies.
Combined
Physical and Biological Processes for Remediation of
Contaminated Sites
Maureen
Dooley,
Regenesis, 19 Belmont Road, Wakefield, MA 01880, USA, Tel:
781-245-1320, Fax: 781-245-1329, Email: mdooley@regenesis.com
Bob Kelley, Ph.D., Regenesis, 1011 Calle Sombra, San
Clemente, California, 92673 USA, Tel: 949-366-8000, Fax:
949-366-8090, Email: bmork@regenesis.com
Distribution
of electron donor substrates is a key factor in the
successful in situ
reductive dechlorination of contaminants in aquifers.
Transport in the subsurface is governed by hydrogeologic
characteristics of the aquifer under treatment and,
equally important, by the characteristics of the electron
donor substrate itself.
As
electron donor technology has evolved away from simple
sugar substrates that rapidly ferment and require
continuous application, complex electron donor substrates
have emerged allowing for a range of hydrogen release
rates from a single application.
Many of these products contain slower releasing
components of very low solubility.
The aqueous solubility and oil/water partitioning
of substrates is governed by the specific hydrophile/lipophile
balance index (HLB) of the compound considered.
The
HLB of the electron donor substrate governs its ability to
form emulsions when preparing the material for subsurface
application, as well as the requirement for chemical
emulsifiers to aid in stabilization of the product.
Additionally, and perhaps most importantly, the HLB
indicates the propensity for the substrate to
spontaneously form micelles (sub-micron size colloids)
that advance the forward movement of the substrate through
the contaminated aquifer.
This
paper reviews the impact of substrate HLB on subsurface
adhesion to aquifer matrices, micro-emulsion formation,
and micro-emulsion/micelle movement in the subsurface.
Data is presented from laboratory studies involving
aquifer simulation columns (20’ in length) which
demonstrate the positive impact of spontaneous micelle
formation on the advancement of electron donors in aquifer
materials. Data
is also presented from full-scale field applications of an
electron donor substrate designed to cost effectively
achieve broad aquifer distribution through micellar
transport.
Data
is presented from full-scale projects in the field where
HRC Advanced has been applied for the treatment of the
DNAPLcomtaminant showing wide distribution compared to
typical controlled release electron donors and excellent
biostimulation. Results
from a variety of geologic conditions where chlorinated
ethenes have been treated indicate performance.
Cost data is presented and compared with the use of
other commercially available controlled release electron
donors indicating the wide cost advantage of employing
this state-of-the-art product.
Former
Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Remediation using
Surfactant-Enhanced In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO®)
John
Collins,
Ph.D., VeruTEK Technologies, Inc., 628-2 Hebron Avenue, Suite 505,
Glastonbury,
CT 06033
, Tel: 860-633-4900,
Fax: 860-633-6501,
Email: Jcollins@VeruTEK.com
George E. Hoag, Ph.D., VeruTEK Technologies, Inc., 628-2
Hebron Avenue, Suite 505, Glastonbury, CT
06033, Tel: 860-633-4900,
Fax: 860-633-6501,
Email: ghoag@VeruTEK.com
A
treatability study and a field verification pilot study
were conducted to test the efficiency of a new type of
Coelution Technology®, Surfactant-Enhanced In-Situ
Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO®), in reducing the amount of
source coal tar DNAPL in soils and reducing the flux of
groundwater constituents associated with a former
Manufactured Gas Plant Site (MGP).
Both
laboratory column studies and a large field pilot test
confirm that the S-ISCO® process effectively degrades MGP
tar-saturated soils without any significant increases of
groundwater contaminant flux.
Persulfate-Fe-EDTA mixtures persisted in solution
and effectively destroyed solubilized COCs in laboratory
column tests. Batch
tests revealed that VeruSOL®-3, a proprietary cosolvent/surfactant
mixture of FDA approved chemicals, was able to resist
activated persulfate oxidation and maintain low IFT
conditions while maintaining the ability to dissolve COC
from coal tar saturated soils. The Pilot Test consisted of
four injection phases and three post-injection monitoring
Phases. A
total of 72,674 kg persulfate, 475 kg Fe(II)-EDTA, and
3,314 kg of VeruSOL®-3) were injected during the Pilot
Test. Both the field and laboratory treatability studies
found that VeruSOL®-3 treatment was able to solubilize
both high and low molecular weight PAHs.
Soils mass destruction analysis from more than 50
soil sampling locations collected before and after the S-ISCO®
Pilot Test indicates that at least 954 kg of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and at least 3,636 kg of
medium weight petroleum hydrocarbons (MPH) were removed in
the Pilot Test area. Thirty
days after the termination of S-ISCO® injection and 75
feet downgradient of injection wells, the mass flux was
less than the pre-Pilot Test mass flux for PAH and MPH
compounds and slightly greater for BTEX compounds.
Evaluation
of In-Situ Biostimulation Effects Related to Sodium
Persulfate Injections
Edward
Sullivan,
P.G., The Whitman Companies, Inc., 116 Tices Lane, Unit
B-1, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, Tel: 732-390-5858, Fax:
732-390-9496, Email: esullivan@whitmanco.com
Eric C. Hince, P.G., Geovation Consultants, Inc., 468
Route 17A, Florida, NY, 10021, Tel:
845-651-4141, Fax: 845-651-0040, Email: echince@geovation.com
Greg Davis, and Dora Ogles, Microbial Insights, Inc., 2340
Stock Creek Blvd., Rockford, TN
37853-3044, Tel: 865-573-8188, Fax: 865- 573-8133,
Email: gdavis@microbe.com;
dogles@microbe.com
Kerry Sublette, Jennifer Busch-Harris and Eleanor
Jennings, University of Tulsa, Center for Applied
Biogeosciences, 600 S. College Ave, Tulsa, OK
74104, Tel: 918-631-3085, Fax: 865- 573-8133,
Email: kerry-sublette@utulsa.edu, jennifer-busch@utulsa.edu, eleanor-jennings@utulsa.edu
In
recent years there has been increased interest in combined
chemical oxidation and bioremediation approaches to site
remediation. At
a site contaminated with 1,2-dichlorobenzene DCB), a
chemical oxidation remedy was implemented in the fall of
2006 using sodium persulfate persulfate).
Geochemical parameter and DAPI cell count data were
collected prior to the initial persulfate injection and
approximately one month post-injection.
DAPI cell counts one month after the first
injection indicated microbial counts had not decreased,
which was contrary to expectations.
Post-injection cell counts ranged from 3 x 105
to over 2.5 x 107 cells/ml.
The highest cell counts were observed in the most
highly contaminated source area well.
This unexpected trend in cell counts prompted the
additional investigations outlined herein.
Dissolution
of injected sodium persulfate Na2S2O8-results in the
formation of sulfate ions SO4--upon reaction. Additional
oxidation and decomposition reactions could result in the
formation of bioavailable ferric iron and oxygen.
All of the above could theoretically be used by
native microbes as electron acceptors.
Subsequently,
DGGE and mFISH data was collected to identify and quantify
the important microbial consortia that had developed in
response to the persulfate injections.
Prior to the 2nd injection planned for late
February-and at various post-injection intervals,
additional data will be collected including an expanded
list of geochemical parameters, DAPI cell counts and mFISH.
In addition, Bio-trapTM samplers
supplied by Microbial Insights, Inc., will be installed in
the source area well.
The Bio-trapTM samplers will contain
Bio-sepTM beads loaded with 13C labeled
chlorobenzene and DCFB a fluorinated analog of DCB).
Stable carbon isotope profiles 13C/12C-of the
phospholipid fatty acid PLFA-biomarkers from the microbial
biomass will be measured to quantify approximate DCB
aerobic/anaerobic oxidation biodegradation rates.
DCFB will be used to evaluate the reductive
dechlorination pathway.
The combined geochemical and microbiological data
will be used to compare 1-the amount of DCB mass reduction
achieved by the direct chemical oxidation and secondary
biodegradation and 2-the relative rates of anaerobic
oxidation and reductive dechlorination to determine which
biological process is dominant.
Bioremediation
of TCE and TCA using SDC-9TM after Sodium Permanganate
Treatment
Raymond
J. Cadorette,
BS in Bio-Resource Engineering, Shaw Environmental, Inc.,
88C Elm Street, Hopkinton, MA
01748, Tel: 508-497-6102, Fax: 508-435-9641, Email:
Raymond.Cadorette@shawgrp.com
Lawrence Nesbitt, PE, BS in Civil Engineering, MS Water
Resources, MBA, Shaw Environmental, Inc., 88C Elm Street,
Hopkinton, MA 01748,
Tel: 508-497-6125, Fax: 508-435-9641, Email: Larry.Nesbitt@shawgrp.com
Tarek Ladaa, BA Chemistry, MS Environmental Engineering,
Shaw Environmental, Inc., 312 Directors Drive, Knoxville,
TN 37923, Tel:
865-670-2708, Fax 865-690-3626, Email: Tarek.Ladaa@shawgrp.com
Shaw
has conducted a highly successful sodium permanganate
treatment program at a manufacturing site in New England.
The permanganate treatment program involved the
injection of over 177,000 gallons of a 20% sodium
permanganate solution into the shallow overburden, deep
overburden and bedrock aquifers at the site over four
years. The
sodium permanganate applications have resulted in
significant reductions in TCE concentrations across the
site.
Subsequent
to the sodium permanganate treatment, an enhanced
bioaugmentation treatment program was conducted using
sodium lactate, Shaw’s SDC-9TM culture and a TCA
reducing bacteria also developed by Shaw.
The bioremediation program targeted TCE
contamination adjacent to an on-site stream where
permanganate injection was not feasible, and residual TCA
impacts in the deep overburden that are not amenable to
treatment via permanganate.
This presentation will discuss the additional steps
needed to successfully complete an enhanced
bioaugmentation program following permanganate treatment
and will provide results of the initial application.
In particular, the presentation will focus on the
technical aspects of implementing bioaugmentation in an
area previously targeted with permanganate, such as the
quenching of residual permanganate concentrations with
lactate, the potential for solubilizing manganese under
reducing conditions, and the ability to achieve complete
dechlorination of TCE and TCA via bioaugmentation.
Biodegradation
of Anthracene in Presence of Humid Acid and Biosurfactants
Hui
Chen,
College
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal
University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China, Email:
lzchenh@sina.com.cn
Yingqin Wu,
Mingguang
Ma, Yuan Zhang, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering,
Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R.
China
The
fate of hydrophobic organic compounds, i.e., their
transport and bioavailablity in the environment, is
strongly affected by their interactions with dissolved
humid acids(DHA), Saponin - a kind of biosufactants and a
non-ionic surfactant Tween80. The biodegradation of
anthracene was studied in aqueous system in present of HA,
saponin and Tween-80, respectively.
By using anthracene
as the sole carbon source, a strain of bacterium that had
the high degrading capacity for anthracene, was
isolated and purified from petroleum-polluted soil in Yumen
oil-field, China. Then it was incubated in the specific nutrients media at pH 7.2.
The experimental results showed that HA, Saponin and
Tween80 could significantly increase the degradation
bacterial durability concentration on anthracene, shorten
the retention time of bacterium, promote the growth of
degradation bacteria and greatly accelerate the
degradation of anthracene. The onset
time for the biodegradation of anthracene needed 7days
without surfactant, however, the time was shortened to 5d
and 4d respectively If adding Tween-80 and Saponin. The bio-surfactants and
humic acids (HAs) that have the surfactant-like micellar
microstructure, were thought to accelerate the degradation
of PAHs by enhancing PAH solubility, thereby increasing
the PAH bioavailability to microorganisms. The HA
exhibited more excellent efficacy than Tween80 and Saponin,
which dramatically shortened the biodegradation time from
7 days to 1 day. The rate of biodegradation for
anthrancene reached 93.5% after 1 day in the presence of
HA. After 6 days, the corresponding concentration of
anthracene was reduced from initial 50.00 mg.L-1 to
0.055 mg.L-1 if adding HA , 0.089 mg.L-1
for adding Saponin, and 3.426 mg.L-1 for adding
Tween80.
Therefore, HA and biosurfactents showed strongly
capability to increase anthracene solubility and the
relevant bioavailability. Regarding the toxicity of the
synthetic surfactants to natural microorganisms, a
potential alternative might be applied in the remediation
by using the natural HA and biosurfactants to accelerate
the biodegratation of PAHs in the soil environments.
Keywords: anthracene,
biodegradation, dissolved
humic acids, saponin
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