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Capacity of Organoclay for Heavy Metals
George R. Alther, Biomin, Inc., Ferndale, MI. 48220
Since organoclays consist of about 60% bentonite, and
since a good bentonite is 95% montmorillonite clay, it is
expected that organoclay, when placed into contaminated
water, removes heavy metals. It does that simultaneously
as it removes organic compounds, as many laboratory tests
and field experiences have shown.
Prediction of capacity for heavy metals is difficult because
organoclays used for water cleanup are usually a blend of
organoclay and anthracite. The anthracite decreases
plugging of interstitial pores by oil.
A series of laboratory column tests where conducted to
determine the capacity of the organoclay blend for 5 heavy
metals which are most frequently found in ground and
wastewater. These metals are lead, copper, nickel,
cadmium, and zinc. The results of these tests, and their
meaning, are discussed.
Solubilization
of Chlorinated Solvents by ionic Surfactants
Kitae
Baek, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Tel.: +82-42-869-3964,
Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Jae-Young Lee, Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1,
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of
Korea, Tel.: +82-42-869-3964, Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Ji-Won Yang, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Tel.: +82-42-869-3924,
Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Solubilization
characteristics of chlorinated solvents, 1-chlorobenzene
and 1,2-dichlorobenzene which are listed in the hazardous
pollutants by EPA and used in various manufacturing
industries, by ionic surfactants, were investigated for
the application of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation
to groundwater cleanup. Most of chlorobenzenes were
solubilized at the palisade and core of micelles due to
hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic tail of
micelles and chlorobenzenes. Cetylpyridinium chloride
(CPC) was a better surfactant than sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS) for the solubilization of chlorobenzenes because
looser packing of CPC micelles and π-π
interaction between pyridinium ring of CPC and benzene
ring of chlorobenzenes. Solubilization of
1,2-dichlorobenzene was higher than that of
1-chlorobenzene because the hydrophobicity of
1,2-dichlorobenzen was higher than that of 1-chlorobenzene
and the major driving force of solubilization was
hydrophobic interaction. At the conditions of co-existence
of 1-chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, the
solubilization of one did not affect that of the others,
which means that the simultaneous removal of two
chlorobenzenes is possible.
Anaerobic
Biodegradation and Biotransformation Using Emulsified
Edible Oils
Gary
M. Birk, P.E., EOS Remediation, Inc., 3722 Benson Drive,
Raleigh, NC 27609, Tel: 919- 873-2204 Fax: 919-873-1074,
Email: gbirk@eosremediation.com
M. Tony Lieberman, RSM, Solutions Industrial
& Environmental Services, Inc., 3722 Benson Drive,
Raleigh, NC 27609, Tel: 919-873-1060, Fax: 919-873-1074,
Email: tleiberman@solutions-ies.com
Chlorinated solvents originating from clothing and textile
dry cleaning operations, metal parts cleaning activities,
and paint solvents can quickly degrade an aquifer.
Nitrate, perchlorate and dissolved metals in
groundwater also pose serious water quality threats.
Options for cleanup of these contaminants vary, but
many have high capital costs that need long-term
maintenance, continuing attention and are not appropriate for lightly contaminated
areas or where the source area is poorly defined. EOS Remediation, Inc. is licensed under U.S.
Patent #6,398,960 to provide
an innovative, patented remediation technology that
generally requires a one-time application, no aboveground
equipment, and no maintenance.
The introduction of this low cost emulsified edible
oil substrate (EOS®) to the aquifer has been
shown to accelerate anaerobic
biodegradation in aquifers impacted with chlorinated solvents, perchlorate,
nitrate and to promote biotransformations of chromium,
radionuclides (Ur, Tc), and acid mine drainage to less toxic forms.
EOS® technology has shown superior product
handling and subsurface distribution characteristics
compared to other in situ products.
Supplied as a microemulsion concentrate, EOS®
is mixed in the field and pumped into the aquifer,
affording immediate impact to greater areas of concern
beneath the site. Data
have confirmed the establishment of anaerobic conditions
within two to three months after application.
Field results at three Air Force bases and several
industrial sites to date have shown the ability to
successfully distribute EOS® into contaminated
aquifers up to 25 feet from the injection point, depending
on site-specific hydrogeological conditions.
Emulsified edible oils have been shown to be very effective
as a long-lasting, natural time-release, organic
substrate. Project
data confirm its longevity in aquifers for over three
years without re-application as well as its ability to
stimulate the desired biological activity and
transformations. In
this presentation, EOS Remediation will show how the
technology is implemented, share project data and
illustrate the advantages of this powerful new remediation
approach.
Sewer
and Water Treatment Center – an Excellent Project
However Unique in the City – Case Study
Julieta
Laudelina de Paiva, M.Sc., Universidade Católica de Petrópolis,
Rua Floresta, 685 – Petrópolis – RJ – 25615090,
Brazil, Tel:
55 24 22420840, Email: paivaj@compuland.com.br
Luiz
Fernando Gorni, M.Sc., Faculdades Integradas Teresa D’Ávila,
Rua Dr.
Sebastião de Carvalho, 143 – Petrópolis – RJ –
25680160 – Brazil, Tel: 55 24 22425915, Email: gorni@compuland.com.br
This
paper focuses the use of water resources question by
Werner Fábrica de Tecidos S.A., a textile industry in
Petrópolis – Rio de Janeiro State – Brazil. German
founded this industry in 1904, and it is one of most
traditional enterprise in the city.
This
city was chosen due its great amount and quality of water
resources. Nowadays, these resources are becoming scarce
and its harm use, as throwing industrial effluents and
sanity sewage, without treatment in its flow as well as
hillside deforestation caused by urban expansion, is
making it worse.
Due
to legal imposition from National Policy to Environment
enforced by Federal Law 6.938/1981, became obligatory
effluent treatment system implantation. Werner built a
pioneer treatment plant involving a large amount of money.
The
sewer treatment center beget sludge that has been used in
some experiments in the enterprise’s farm, situated in
Três Rios, a Petrópolis neighbor city. The goal is to
know if it is possible to use the sludge as organic matter
provider, in eucalyptus sp. plantation, aiming to widely
recycle this waste. The presence of heavy metals in sludge
has been monitored.
Although
this is a relevant project and with very good results,
same critiques can be presented – not over the project
or its implantation itself – but related to the context
in which this enterprise is: the project importance became
relative when is noticed that other enterprises do not
comply with this legal imposition. Other question is the
public inspection agency inefficiency that allows
unscrupulous companies to pollute the rivers depleting its
water quality and quantity.
The
way Werner deal with water resources is very
important to its preservation – now scarce and polluted
– however the lack of rigor from public agency to
enforce the implantation of similar projects and its
inspection, can make these investments useless because
public authority neglect.
An
Innovative Water Purification Method and Devices
Viktor
S. Gevod, Iryna L. Reshetnyak, Sergey V. Gevod, Iryna G.
Shklyarova,
Ukrainian
State Chemical, Technology University (USCTU), Gagarin
prospect, 8., Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, 49005, Tel:
380-562-470674, Fax: 380-563-680755
Water
quality deteriorates at its supplying through distribution
networks. At peripheral water-use points the concentration
of trihalomethanes, toxic proteins, sediments, endogenous
SAS, iron compounds may exceed MPC level up to several
times and alive microorganisms - up to hundred times. At
present this problem is solved by producing bottled water
for cooking and drinking and by installation of different
adsorption-filtering and osmotic systems at the points of
water use and entry. All these means are expensive.
Consequently, there is a need for new, cost-effective
water purifiers. The alternative to conventional devices
can be the bubble-film extraction one. Its principle is
based on endogenous surface-active substances ability to
make water much cleaner at its treatment by air bubble
stream in the space of special geometry. The novelty is
protected by Patents. The bubble-film
extraction allows
to afterpurify tap water by 10-100 times more economically.
Quality of treated water satisfies WHO requirements.
After-purifiers of bubble-film extraction mode of action
were produced and supplied for consumers under creator’s
control. The data obtained have led to conclusion that
innovative method and designed devices can be also applied
for purification of well and waste waters. For this
purpose the advanced bubble-film extraction method was
developed. Its main idea is the use of minor amounts of
special surface-active polyelectrolytes as additives to
accelerate and to
increase the degree of water purification at its treating
by air bubble stream. Chosen polyelectrolytes act
concurrently as disinfectants and additional carriers of
target water contaminants, such as: bacterium, viruses,
humic matter, iron and arsenic compounds, etc. Advanced
bubble-film extraction purifiers can find practical
application instead of/or in combination with conventional
systems. Their use allows reduce the cost of water
treatment. The pilot water purifiers with water treatment
ability 1 - 1000 Litres per hour were designed.
O2Tubes
Vertical Re-circulation and Oxygen Generation Cell
Delivers Dissolved Oxygen in Tight Midwest Soils
Jerry
Kellgren, O2Tube Technologies, Inc., 711 West Main Street,
Batavia, Illinois 60510, Tel: 630-406-0899, Fax:
630-406-0807
The
worlds first in situ dissolved oxygen generation and
vertical re-circulation system for groundwater in
gravel's, sands, silts and clays! The O2Tube
patent-pending system can provide the exact concentration
of dissolved oxygen required for biological degradation of
contaminants in groundwater without elaborate treatment
systems, chemicals and their astronomical costs. Every O2Tube
system is easy to operate, simple to maintain and costs
pennies a day to operate. The O2Tube system
works in all types of soils and has been classified as an
institutional and/or engineered barrier in Florida. The O2Tube
system can be used to polish any currently installed
groundwater treatment system by stimulating bacteria to
release the product presently absorbed to the soil. The
main advantage to using a O2Tube oxygen
generation and vertical re-circulation system is how well
it works in low flow sites (< 10-3 cm/s)
where oxygen release chemicals and oxygen diffusion rarely
meet expectations. O2Tube
Technologies, Inc. guarantees an increase of 1 PPM oxygen
within a 15 foot radius of the re-circulation well on a
low flow site. Data and pictures from actual field sites
will show an installation and field and laboratory results
from several petroleum
contaminated groundwater sites in different types of
soils. Additional information on O2Tube cells can be found
at www.o2tube.com.
Using
High Organic Matter Compost in Wetlands Restoration
W.
Robert Kelly, P.E., Seacoast Farms Compost Products, Inc.,
59 Columbus Avenue, Exeter, NH 03833, Tel: 603-772-6490,
Email: BobKelly@attbi.com.
Seacoast Farms Compost Products, Inc. is a specialty soils production
company that produces organic topsoils and designer
composts for landscaping and construction uses.
Beginning
in November 2001, the company supplied compost for a
superfund cleanup project in Kingston, NH to replace
contaminated indigenous peat moss with a soil matrix
capable of immediately integrating with underlying soils
while providing appropriate filtering and plant growth
qualities. The Ottati & Goss site is a former barrel
reconditioning facility.
Contaminated sediments from this facility were
transported via surface runoff into a large wetlands area
located down gradient of the site. The remediation plan
included wholesale removal and replacement of
approximately 5 acres of wetland soils to a depth deemed
necessary to remove the contamination, sometimes as much
as 24 inches.
The
compost used for the wetland backfill had to meet
stringent physical and chemical analysis requirements.
Chemical testing of the samples included laboratory
analyses for VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, Metals, Pesticides and
Herbicides.
Seacoast
Farms Compost Products also
provided compost for interior water channels and a pond
area that matched original conditions on the property.
The uniform compost quality and attention to the
ecosystem dynamics by the design team and field contractor
have allowed a rapid return to natural conditions, albeit
with a much cleaner subsoil. As of September 2002, less than 8 months after the
restoration was complete, the soil matrix and vegetation
has fully re-established itself in all areas of the
wetlands and pond buffer zone.
The
Use of Natural Attenuation Modeling as a Risk Based
Cleanup Alternative
James
A. Berndt and John A. Mundell, Mundell & Associates,
Inc., 429 East Vermont Street, Suite 200, Indianapolis, IN
46202, Tel: 317-630-9060, Fax: 317-630-9065
The
Indianapolis Department of Transportation's West Street
Maintenance Facility is located within 400 ft of the White
River near downtown Indianapolis.
Beneath the facility, extensive sand and gravel
outwash deposits are present which allow rapid groundwater
movement and subsequent discharge to the river.
Detection of a release of petroleum hydrocarbons
from five underground storage tanks in 1990 prompted a
multiphase investigation of the release and documentation
of the full extent of the groundwater plume with a
comprehensive monitoring well network.
Since the detection of the release, eight years of
groundwater monitoring data had indicated the extent of
the plume had stabilized and would never reach the river
despite significant groundwater velocities. In addition, plume concentrations of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and xylene were shown to be over time without
active remediation (other than the initial storage tank
and associated soil removal, and limited free-product
removal from monitoring well bailing activity).
As part of a Corrective Action Plan submittal to
the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM),
a comprehensive area groundwater flow model coupled with
two-dimensional chemical transport modeling were used to
evaluate chemical degradation rates and to predict the
expected concentration declines as a result of the
original source removal and biodegradation.
The modeling results demonstrated that an
additional 2 to 3 years of monitoring data would confirm
that natural attenuation was stabilizing and reducing the
plume size. IDEM
accepted the approach on a trial basis, and groundwater
quality monitoring of the site over an 11-year period has
proven those predictions to be accurate. IDEM awarded the site the first closure in the State of
Indiana using its new Risk Integrated System of Closure
(RISC) guidance.
Factors
Influencing the Plugging Effect of Xanthan Solutions in
Porous Media
Robert A. Khachatoorian, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Southern
California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave., KAP 210 – MC 2531, Los
Angeles, CA 90089-2531
Tel: 213-740-0594, Fax: 213-744-1426, Email: khachato@usc.edu
Ioana G. Petrisor, Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave., KAP 210 – MC
2531, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2531, Tel: 213-740-0594, Fax: 213-744-1426, Email: petrisor@usc.edu
Teh Fu Yen, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S.
Vermont Ave., KAP 210 – MC 2531, Los Angeles, CA
90089-2531, Tel: 213-740-0586,
Fax: 213-744-1426, Email: tfyen@usc.edu
The plugging activity of biopolymers in different porous media
is well documented. Based on such activity, biopolymers
have important environmental applications, as barriers to
block the passage of water and leachates in landfills or
in soil stabilization. Investigating the effect of
different factors influencing the plugging activity of
biopolymers may allow the improvement of such
environmental applications.In the present study, the
effect of several factors on xanthan plugging activity in
porous media was investigated. The factors considered here
were: the type of porous media (sand, combinations of sand
and clay, normal soil, firing range soil), the
concentration of xanthan solutions (between 0.1 – 1
g/L), the cross-linking of xanthan with different agents
with or without a second biopolymer (chitosan). A
pressurized pumping flow system was used to run the
xanthan solution through the column packed with porous
medium and, by measuring the
pressure difference across the column and the effluent
flow rate, the permeability ratio was recorded in time.
Xanthan decreased the medium permeability, displaying some
plugging activity in all the porous media and for all the
concentrations tested, with or without cross-linking. The
best plugging effect was recorded in sand for the
cross-linked xanthan. Subsequently, while the solution
concentration had only a slight influence, the type of
porous media and the cross-linking seemed to be the main
factors affecting the plugging activity of xanthan.
However, if these observations could be extended for other
biopolymers remains to be further investigated
Six-Phase
Heating™ Rapidly Remediates Brownfields Properties For
Redevelopment
Joseph
A. Pezzullo, P.E, Current Environmental Solutions, P.O.
Box 66, 241 Norsam Drive, Langhorne, PA 19047, Tel:
215-741-6123, Fax: 215-741-6124
William O. Heath, COO, Current Environmental Solutions,
Applied Process Engineering Laboratory, 350 Hills Street,
Richland, WA 99352,
Tel: 509-371-0905, Fax: 509-371-0634
Benaiah M. Jorgensen, Technical Specialist, Current
Environmental Solutions, Applied Process Engineering
Laboratory, 350 Hills Street, Richland, WA
99352, Tel: 509-371-0905, Fax: 509- 371-0634
Christopher J.
Thomas, Operations Manager, Current Environmental
Solutions, 1466 Forest Ave., Des Plaines, IL
60018, Tel: 847-298-2764, Fax: 847-298-2769
The Six-Phase HeatingÔ
(SPH) technology is a thermally enhanced soil vapor
extraction technique that targets both contaminated soil
and groundwater. Polyphase
electrical energy is used to resistively heat the soil and
groundwater and contaminants are removed by direct
volatilization, in situ steam stripping, and in-situ
degradation. SPH
has successfully achieved rapid closure of Brownfields
sites in the USA and Netherlands which have been
redeveloped. The SPH technology was deployed at a site in Waukeegan,
Illinois to remediate 16,000 c.y. of soil containing MeCl
with initial concentrations up to 50,000 mg/kg. The 95
electrode system operated for 8 months after which
confirmatory sampling showed that the average soil
concentration was reduced to 3.5 mg/kg within a 95%
statistical confidence level. The Waukeegan site received
a “No Further Action” (NFA) letter and was
subsequently redeveloped into flex-space and warehouse
facilities. Another
site in Skokie, IL consisted of DNAPL in 23,100 c.y. of
soil. The 107
electrode SPH system achieved the remediation targets for
soil and groundwater within 130 days. This site also
received an NFA and was redeveloped into a movie theater
complex and multi-story parking facility.
Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Paul A. Pier, Tennessee Valley Authority, CEB
1C-M, PO Box 1010, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662
, Tel: 256-386-2789, Fax: 256-386-2191, Email: papier@tva.gov
Leslie L. Behrends, Tennessee Valley Authority, CEB 1C-M,
PO Box 1010, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 Tel: 256-386-3488,
Fax: 256-386-2191, Email: llbehrends@tva.gov
Constructed
wetlands are natural, self-maintaining aquatic system with
low operating and maintenance costs.
TVA has developed constructed wetlands systems to
remediate a variety of contaminants, including metals,
biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, nitrate,
pathogens, organics, and suspended solids (TSS).
This provides treatment of wastewater streams such
as acid mine drainage, sewage, industrial wastewater,
storm water, agricultural wastewater, TCE-contaminated
groundwater, deicing compounds, and food-processing
wastewater. In
addition to utilizing standard subsurface-flow gravel bed
wetlands, TVA has developed a patented reciprocating
subsurface-flow wetlands, in which two adjacent wetland
cells configured in a serial flow-through system are
alternately filled and drained by pumping water
periodically from one cell to the other.
This provides aerobic conditions for rapid
oxidation of organic matter, ammonia, and other reduced
compounds. Variation
in the frequency, depth, and duration of reciprocation can
be used to control a continuum of redox-specific
reactions, allowing aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic
processes to occur in the same cell. In addition to laboratory- and greenhouse-scale experiments
at TVA’s constructed wetlands research facility in
Muscle Shoals, Alabama, TVA has conducted ten on-site
full-scale field demonstrations to assess wetlands systems
incorporating reciprocating wetlands.
Two case studies are presented.
A demonstration on Oahu, Hawaii, consisted of a
solids settling tank, two reciprocating cells for BOD and
ammonia removal, and a final anoxic cell for nitrate
removal. This
0.6 acre system treated 60,000 gallons/day (gpd) of
domestic wastewater.
Average influent concentrations of 23 mg/L NH4-N,
125 mg/L BOD5, and 54 mg/L TSS were reduced to
1-2 mg/L NH4-N, less than 1 mg/L NO3-N
and BOD5, and 2-4 mg/L TSS in the effluent.
A 0.8 acre reciprocating wetlands is being used to
treat up to 56,000 gpd of high-strength anaerobic lagoon
wastewater from a commercial-scale confined swine feeding
operation near Aliceville, Alabama. Influent concentrations of 371 mg/L NH4-N and 521
mg/L BOD5 were reduced by 86% and 78%,
respectively.
Fast
Track Design and Construction of an Enhanced LNAPL
Recovery Trench
Cindy
DiSante, CH2M HILL, 25 New Chardon Street, Suite 500,
Boston, MA 02114-4774, Tel: 617-523-2002 x235, Fax:
617-723-9036
Jessica Raphael, P.E., CH2M HILL, 3011 West Grand Blvd.,
Suite 2500, Fisher Building, Detroit, MI, 48202-3030, Tel:
313-871-5123 x252, Fax: 414-454-8874
James
F. Strunk, Jr., P.E., CH2M HILL, 99 Cherry Hill Road,
Suite 200, Parsippany, NJ, 07054-1102, Tel: 973-316-0159
x4539, Fax: 703-796-6261
CH2M HILL was hired to perform an accelerated
cleanup and closure of a chemical manufacturing plant in
New Jersey. Manufacturing
operations date back to 1945, and the site is impacted
with dissolved phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
including light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) and
possible dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in soil
and groundwater. The goal was to prepare the
site for redevelopment within 5 years, while proactively
managing long-term risk, public relations and regulatory
issues. The
site operated two (2) perimeter total fluids vacuum
extraction systems that needed to be enhanced to more
rapidly remove the LNAPL that existed in centralized areas
of the facility. A
dual phase recovery trench was selected as the simplest
technology that could be installed as a Design-Build
system to remove groundwater, separately remove LNAPL, and
preplace SVE piping to allow remediation of smear zone
soils within and without the trench.
The trench was installed during a major site
investigation, relocation of existing remedial systems,
and while the facility buildings and operations were being
decommissioned and demolished.
This presentation will describe the
design/construction cost savings, minimal design and field
construction of the system, the use of a biopolymer slurry
for control of odors and construction without trench
boxes, and the subsequent startup and optimization.
A
Man-Made Ecosystem and Polluted Soils Detoxification
R.Revazyan,
E.Safrazbekian, A.Sakoyan, The Center for Ecological-Noosphere
Studies of NAS RA, 375025 Abovian Street, Yerevan, RA, Tel.: (374-1) 56-93-19, Fax: (374-1) 58-02-54
Nowadays,
investigations conducted in
man-made ecosystems are acquiring an increasing
value due to the disturbance of natural course of
migration of elements and soil
pollution that exceeds manifold clark
concentrations. To detoxify polluted soils, a series of
model experiments was performed applying natural sorbents.
As and Cu sorption and desorption were investigated,
duration of composting: 10, 30 and 90 days.As an extragent
for extracting As and Cu mobile compounds 1n.
CH3COONH4 was
chosen; to displace elements from unchangeable and firmly
bonded forms 2n. and 5n. NCL were used respectively. The
level of detoxification - transformation of mobile forms
to unchangeable and firmly bonded was determined by the
difference between concentration of initial and
after-experiment solutions. The dose of applied reagents
in experiments varied from 0,5 to 2% of soil weight. As
the results obtained show, a complex application of
reagents exerts the influence upon transformation of
different forms of As and Cu in soil.
As and Cu desorption from soils by different
extragents widely
varied (9 - 85%) and the increase in capacity of sorbent
absorption caused the decrease in the amount of displaced
As and Cu (correlation coefficient – 0,87±/0,09
and 0,93±0,08). After 90 days the quantity of changeable As
and Cu in soil decreased 3,0-28 times respectively vs. the
initial one, resulting in
considerable lowering of their migration mobility,
this being mainly associated with
metals transformation to unchangeable and firmly
bonded states. Thus,
knowing correlation criteria of different forms of As and
Cu and other metals in soils allows to predict both the
direction in which soil factor should act and the effect
of reagent application on the change of
correlation.
Remedial
Actions in Response to a Kerosene Release Impacting a
Wetland
Steven W. Rumba, LSP, RLS, B.S. Geology, Web Engineering
Associates, Inc., 106 Longwater Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, Tel: 781-878-7766, Email:
Steve.Rumba@web-engr.com
William E. Baird, LSP, PE, B.S. Mechanical Engineering,
MBA, Web Engineering Associates, Inc., 106 Longwater
Drive, Norwell, MA 02061,
Tel: 781-878-7766, Email: Bill.Baird@web-engr.com
Web Engineering Associates, Inc. (Web Engineering) has
conducted remedial actions in response to a release of an
estimated 50,000 gallons (189,250 liters) of kerosene at a
mobile home park in Halifax, Massachusetts.
The release originated from a leak in an
underground distribution line used to supply kerosene to
the mobile homes for heating purposes.
Separate phase kerosene had migrated laterally
approximately 500 feet to a wetland area, where breakout
was initially reported in August 1991.
At the time of discovery, severely stressed
vegetation and numerous dead trees were observed in the
impacted portion of the wetland and an odor of kerosene
permeated the area.
Remedial actions were designed with the following objectives:
to recover the separate phase kerosene in order to prevent
any impact on down gradient receptors and any further
impact on the wetland area; reduce the levels of dissolved
groundwater contamination; and to degrade the petroleum
hydrocarbons in the wetland sediments in a manner that
would not cause significant damage to the surrounding
wetland ecology. The
remedial actions included the operation of a groundwater
treatment / product recovery system and in situ
bioremediation.
The results of recent assessment work indicate that nearly all
non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) has been recovered from
the upgradient portion of the site and all NAPL has been
recovered from the wetland area.
In addition, contaminant levels in the wetland
soils, subsurface soils, and groundwater have been
significantly reduced.
A two-year study of the wetland vegetation by an
independent Professional Wetland Scientist has concluded
that the remedial actions at the site had resulted in a
full recovery of the wetland vegetation.
These results have been achieved with minimal impact on the
wetland itself. The
recovery of the wetland vegetation required no excavation
of wetland soils and therefore, required no wetland
replication. Continuation of the bio-treatment is on going
with a goal of degrading the residual contaminants in the
wetland soils, subsurface soils, and groundwater to levels
that no longer pose any significant risk.
Adaptive
Use of a Medical Oxygen Generator for Remediation of a
Petroleum Release Site
Brian
Connaughton and Irwin Silverstein, Hydro-Environmental
Technologies, Inc., 54 Nonset Path, Acton, Ma 01720, Tel:
800-347-4384, Fax: 978-635-0980
After
initial product recovery actions at the source area, a
pressure swing adsorber (PSA) was engineered to inject
pure oxygen at a rate of 0.2 cubic feet per minute into a
drinking water supply zone aquifer to facilitate the
biodegradation of dissolved phase petroleum constituents
at a 2.5-acre site. The remediation design incorporated a
4-inch diameter injection well at the source area, a
diffuser, pressure tubing, and placement of the PSA within
a storage room of a small commercial business. The use of
this technology simplified the establishment and
maintenance of aerobic conditions by avoiding the use of
remedial additives or compressed gas cylinders. Implementation and operation of the remediation system began
in June 2002 with no interruption or disruption in
building use. Within
a month of system startup, dissolved oxygen concentrations
measured in the wells reached a minimum concentration of
0.5 milligrams per liter.
This minimal level has been maintained throughout
system operation as dissolved oxygen concentrations are
routinely monitored. Groundwater sampling was conducted in
10 wells during September and November 2002, and drinking
water quality has been achieved in all but 3 near-source
area wells for extractable and volatile hydrocarbon
fractions, 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. The reduction
in these constituents has varied from 65 percent to 95
percent at the source area, and the contaminant plume has
decreased in extent.
Qualitatively, odors are no longer detectable in
monitoring wells installed beneath the building.
Three additional groundwater sampling rounds are
planned, with site closure anticipated by the end of the
year 2003.
An
Overview of Continuous and Amorphous Pores Surfaces (CAPS)
Ceramic as a Pollution Treatment Technology
Ismail
Tabtabai, Filton International Co., 3-1-48 Kashiwaza, 422
Park-Ageo Ichibankan, Ageo, Saitama 362-0075, Japan, Tel:
+81-9053349527, Fax: +81-487739211
Marzouq I. Buarki, Kuwait Petroleum Corp., P.O. Box 26565,
Safat 13126, Kuwait, Tel: +965-2434523 Fax: +965-2401954
CAPS
Ceramic is a natural clay based material uniquely
manufactured to possess certain physical properties.
Twenty years ago, when CAPS was just patented in Japan
under the commercial name "Filton", it was
mainly used as an oil absorbent and soil conditioning
media. Since then, many derivatives of the original basic
CAPS (B-CAPS) were developed and utilized to
mitigate the most hard hazardous pollutants of the current
time, i.e. Permanent Organic Pollutants (POPs), through
commercial and pilot-plant installations in Japan and the
Middle East region with successful and encouraging
results. Using a simple engineered process, CAPS was able
to treat many types of industrial effluent water, toxic
fumes, and gases from various types of industries, i.e.
plating, steel mills, dairy, food processing, textile,
electronic microprocessor, desalination, and
upstream/downstream oil industries. These effluents and
gases include many types of pollutants such as PCBs,
Dioxins, Sulfides, Ammonia, and the many different
classes and derivatives of Hydrocarbons. This paper will
present collected data for the various types of pollutants
and effluents mentioned above along with treatment process
description and treatment results.
The
Role of Turning for Effective Inactivation and Optimal
Composting
L.D.Trung,
Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan, Tel: 81-6-6879-767
, Fax:
81-6-6879-7674
M. Tateda, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa,
Kosugi, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan,
Tel: 81-766-56-7500 (ext. 706), Fax: 81-766-56-7804
M.
Ike, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan, Tel: 81-6-6879-7673
, Fax:
81-6-6879-7674
M. Fujita, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan, Tel: 81-6-6879-7672, Fax:
81-6-6879-7674
In-vessel
composting has been recognized as an effective treatment
processes for organic solid waste. This type of
composting, however, has a crucial drawback in that its
temperature in the compost pile is not uniform, due to its
characteristic structure resembling the aerated static
pile process. This
drawback is a result of no-turning and may limit the
effectiveness of pathogen inactivation and stabilization
of composting. In this study, experiments were
performed with a sewage sludge using a 600 l in-vessel
aerated static pile composting system during a two-year
period. Fifteen batch runs were operated to
determine the distributions of temperature throughout the
pile in order to assess the proportion of the composting
materials that were exposed to the lethal and sublethal
temperature conditions during composting. These data
were used for the selection of operation procedure of pile
turning indispensable to achieve optimal process
performance. Effects and interactions of several
main factors such as aeration and moisture content on the
evolutions of the process temperature were also
investigated. The data indicated that approximately
67% of the amount of the material was composted in the
lethal temperature zone (>=60oC) for most of
the runs, and about 33% remained in the low temperature
zone (<60oC). Effects of aeration and
heat evaporation led to high rates of moisture removal
from the composting material. Rapid reduction of
moisture to a level < 40 % resulted in a significant
reduction in biodegradation rate, thereby causing low
temperature zones in the pile. This study suggested
that proper turning could be applied satisfactorily for
future composting processes.
Crude
Oil Remediation in Tropical Forests
Dr.
Flip van Keulen and Dr. Philip van Diest, Fugro
Ingenieursbureau B.V., PB 63, 2260 AB Leidschendam,
Netherlands, Tel:
+31-703111222, Fax: + 3170-3208901
Dr.
William Veerkamp and Ing Wim Vrieling, Shell Global
Solutions, PB 541 2501 CM The Hague, Netherlands, Tel:
+31-703774742, Fax:+31-703772833
Dr. Arno F. Peekel, Royal Haskoning, PB 8520, 3009 AM
Rotterdam, Netherlands, Tel: +31-102865432 Fax:
+31-102200025
Ir. H.M.C. Satijn (Bert), Centre for Soil Quality
Management and Knowledge Transfer, PB 420, 2800 AK Gouda,
Netherlands, Tel: +31-182540690, Fax: +31-182540691
A project funded by the Centre for Soil Quality
Management and Knowledge Transfer.
The project investigated the parallels and
differences between investigative techniques (vegetation
studies, sampling for physico-chemical parameters,
nutrients, bacteria and nematodes and oil characterisation)
to evaluate and implement remedial action in cases of soil
contamination by crude oil in tropical forest in Gabon and
Nigeria. The evaluation of these techniques learns that
the systematical combination of information collected
during field visits, fieldwork and literature survey with
the vegetation survey using the PQ-method, and the physico-chemical
parameters in a conceptual model f provides a good insight
in crude oil behaviour in tropical forest.
The potentially promising interpretation of the
nematode enumeration has not yet been successful in this
research. Insufficient knowledge is available on the
nematodes in tropical forest soils.
The enumeration of bacteria is considered useless
in this type of investigations. The project lead to the
development of an investigative strategy, based on the use
of a conceptual model where hypotheses were postulated and
tested. This provides a basic understanding of the
processes involved in the tropical forest that has a
direct implication for plan for emergency response and
remedial action. The
major conclusion of this project is that oil degrades fast
in tropical forest, and if it does not, there is a reason,
e.g. a trap outside the active system of oil degradation.
Finding this cause is the key to efficient and low cost
soil remediation, often based on simple interventions that
help the tropical forest ecosystem to cope with the oil. A
more than standard, multidisciplinary approach to the
investigative strategy in tropical forests is required to
achieve this. In Gabon, the key to the remedial action
will be on-site stimulation and stabilisation using
vegetative covers (phytoremediation). A low profile,
long-term approach, making selective and deliberate use of
natural resources, with a maximum input of local labour is
proposed. In Nigeria, the key to efficient remediation is
mixing and biological breakdown, which prevents further
spreading to area's of low biological activity.
Remediation
of Diesel Oil-contaminated Soil using a Two-liquid Phase
System
Jae-Young Lee, National Research
Laboratory for Environmental Remediation, Dept. of
Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 373-1
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of
Korea, Tel: +82-42-869-3924, Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Kitae Baek, National Research Laboratory for Environmental
Remediation, Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science &
Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-42-869-3964,
Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Hyun-Jeong Cho, National Research Laboratory for
Environmental Remediation, Dept. of Chemical &
Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science & Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Tel:
+82-42-869-3924, Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Ji-Won Yang, National Research Laboratory for
Environmental Remediation, Dept. of Chemical &
Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science & Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Tel:
+82-42-869-3924, Fax: +82-42-869-3910
Soil contamination by diesel oil raises a serious
environmental threat. Diesel oil is the complex mixture
composed of straight and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes,
monoaromatics, and polyaromatics. Although the content of
polyaromatics in diesel oil is low, they are potentially
carcinogenic and genotoxic. Due to little polyaromatics
and complexity of diesel oil, soil contaminated by diesel
oil is difficult to treat using common remediation
technologies. Two-liquid phase (TLP) system can remove
pollutants from contaminated soil using the
water-immiscible liquid which can dissolve much more
hydrophobic compounds than surfactants. In this study, the
feasibility of TLP system for the remediation of soil
contaminated by diesel oil was investigated. As the
soil/water ratios increased, the removal of aliphatics
from soil did not affect the soil/water ratios, while that
of aromatics increased with the soil/water ratio. On the
concerning of temperature, the increase of temperature
enhanced the removal of aliphatics because of increase in
mobility of aliphatics, while did not affect that of
aromatic compounds. As mixing speed increased, the removal
of aliphatic and aromatic compounds increased because
rapid mixing caused to enhance mass transfer of pollutants
from soil to water-immiscible liquid. As a result, >
90% of diesel oil was removed from soil using the TLP
system. A TLP system can be a good alternative for the
remediation of diesel oil-contaminated soil.
Free
Product Removal – Active Skimming System,
Navel Station San Diego
Kent
Weingardt, Chemical Engineer, Foster Wheeler Environmental
Corporation, 1230 Columbia Street, Suite 500, San Diego,
CA 92101, Tel: 619-234-8696, Fax: 619-234-8591, Email: kweingardt@fwenc.com
Corey Young, Environmental Engineer,
Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation,
1230 Columbia Street, Suite 500, San Diego, CA 92101, Tel:
619-234-8696, Fax: 619-234-8591, Email: cyoung@fwenc.com
Michael Corry, Environmental Engineer, Southwest
Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Code
5SEN.MC, 1220 Pacific Highway, San Diego, CA 92132, Tel:
619-556-9904, Fax: 619-556-8929, Email: corrymc@efdsw.navfac.navy.mil
Theresa
Morley, Environmental Engineer, Commander, Navy Region
Southwest, Code N45JIB, 33000 Nixie Way, Bldg. 50, Suite
326, San Diego, CA 92147-5110, Tel: 619-524-6399, Fax:
619-524-0909, Email: Morley.Theresa.L@asw.cnrsw.navy.mil
An
active skimming system was designed and installed at Naval Station San Diego to remove free
phase petroleum (gasoline and diesel) floating on the
groundwater table as a result of a former leaking
underground storage tank (UST).
The system utilizes five skimming pumps installed
in pre-existing
groundwater monitoring wells located within the free
product plume. These
pneumatically powered pumps preferentially remove only
floating product and no water. The pneumatic supply lines,
as well as the pump discharge line (for the recovered
product), run in an underground trench that connects to a
centrally located treatment pad, where the product is
collected in a 250-gallon tank. In 12 months of operation,
the system has recovered over 600 gallons of free product.
This
low impact, unobtrusive and quiet remediation system addresses the challenges
associated with the site’s use and location, as
described below:
-
Noise
Pollution – Since the system was being installed
adjacent to the Navy Lodge, compressed nitrogen gas was
chosen to drive the pumps as opposed to the conventional air compressor.
Nitrogen gas cylinders are readily available and
are supplied and recharged very inexpensively.
-
Waste
Minimization – The skimming pumps only remove product
(no water), therefore no waste is generated because the
collected product is suitable for disposition at a fuel
blending facility for eventual re-use.
-
Energy
Consumption – Since the pumps are powered by compressed
nitrogen gas from cylinders and the control system runs
off of solar power, an external energy
source was not needed.
This saved the Navy money both in installation and
operation costs.
-
Visually
Unobtrusive and Aesthetically Pleasing – The wells and
manifold piping are completely below ground surface under
asphalt pavement and do not interfere with
the parking and traffic.
The well boxes were flush mounted and the small
treatment pad was enclosed in cedar fencing.
Considering its location in front of the newly
upgraded Navy Lodge, the system blends in nicely. In
addition, the tank is vented through a 55-gallon granular
activated carbon (GAC) vessel to control any off-gas
odors.
-
Cost
– It is estimated that the life cycle cost of this
system will be at
least $300,000 less than the system originally proposed
for the site, which included a much larger
vapor extraction system.
The system only requires a brief daily check to be
compliant with product storage requirements.
Treatment
of Groundwater
by Nanofiltration to Provide Drinking Water for
Small Communities
Darwish I. Yousef, Benyamin I. Yousef and Robin I. Yousef,
Yousef Office for Science and Engineering, P.O. Box:
11159-Aleppo –Syria, Tel: +963 21 4604149, Fax: +963 21
2233674
Owing to the great lack of the surface water resources in The
Middle East, the vast majority of the domestic,
agricultural, and industrial activities
depend on the groundwater. However , a considerable
ratio is unsable either
due to their naturally hardness and
high content of sulfate, or to its pollution in
last years by domestic, agricultural, and industrial
wastewater due to the abcent of the pollution-control
regulations.
Thus, there is a vital necessity to that groundwater to
provide drinkable water for small communities. However,
when selecting
the treatment technique the situation of that communities
must be considered. From that point of view,
nanofiltration is selected as a high efficiency process to
provide potable water for small community since it has the
following advantages :
·
Traditionally, partially
demineralization
and color removal required expensive chemical
treatment , a particular problem
in rural areas , where no qualified staff could be
found to do this procedures. Nanofiltration produce
that treatment, while at the same time removing
bacteria and viruses present, without using added chemical
for treatment.
·
Nanofiltration, unlike most conventional water treatment
systems which require regular maintenance and cleaning,
require minimal supervision, resulting in cost - effective
operation in isolated areas, as the membrane
technology does not require adjustment in the event of a
change in feed water quality.
·
Nanofiltration has lower energy requirements than reverse
osmosis and evaporation.
A laboratory nanofiltration system was tested in the
Department of Environmental Engineering, Facultiy of Civil
Engineering, Unversity of Aleppo, as a PhD research. The
research gives a very promising results in terms of
feaseability and performance.
Study
on Washing up Diesel Residue from Contaminants Loess Soil
Using Anionic and Cationic Surfactant Solutions
Kun
Zhu, School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Lanzhou Railway University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR
China, Tel: 86-931-4938257, Email: kun@mail.lzri.edu.cn
Jiantao Yang, School of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Lanzhou Railway University, Lanzhou, Gansu
730070, The People’s Republic of .China
The
removal possibility of diesel from contaminated loess soil
by washing-up approach with the surfactant solutions was
investigated in laboratory. The anionic surfactant –
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonat (LAS) and Sodium
Dodesylsulfate (SDS), and cationic surfactant –
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TCAB) were tested for
enhancing desorption from the contaminated loess soil. The
removal rate of diesel residue in the contaminated loess
soil was up to 20% at a range of anionic surfactant
concentrations from 0.1% to 1%, but the removal efficiency
was not obvious by using cationic surfactant. The values
of logKm of LAS and SDS was calculated to be 4.552 and
3.630 respectively based on the value of molar
solubilization ratio (MSR), which was almost identical to
the theoretical value. The results showed that the value
of MSR of LAS was higher than that of SDS.
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