Nick Azzolina, ENSR Corporation (dba The RETEC Group, Inc.), 1001 W. Seneca St., Suite 204, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA, Tel: 607.277.5716, Fax: 607.277.9057, Email: NAzzolina@retec.com
Joseph P. Kreitinger, ENSR Corporation (dba The RETEC Group, Inc.), 1001 W. Seneca St., Suite 204, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA, Tel: 607.277.5716, Fax: 607.277.9057, Email: JKreitinger@retec.com
David V. Nakles, ENSR Corporation (dba The RETEC Group, Inc.), 4075 Monroeville Blvd, Monroeville, PA 15146, USA, Tel: 412.717.9225, Fax: 412.380.0141, Email: DNakles@retec.com
Edward F. Nehauser, National Grid, 300 Erie Blvd. West, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA, Tel:  315.428.3355, Fax: 315.428.6503, Email: Edward.Neuhauser@us.ngrid.com

Recent data have shown that PAHs in sediments from urban and industrial sites are often much less toxic than is generally assumed by generic screening values and toxicity is often not related to the concentration of total extractable PAHs using EPA standard methods.  To increase the scientific understanding of what governs chemical exposure in sediments and how to measure it, the Sediment Contaminant Bioavailability Alliance (SCBA) initiated a program to develop a comprehensive database evaluating the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic sediments.  To date, the SCBA has completed more than 12 case studies, with measurements of PAH bioavailability on 147 freshwater sediment samples.  One hundred of the 147 (68%) sediment samples analyzed exceeded the PEC value for total PAHs (22.8 mg/kg); however, only 31 (21%) reduced survival of the aquatic amphipod Hyalella azteca.  The SCBA has supported the development of a new analytical technique, measurement of dissolved PAHs using Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME). This chemical test is an excellent predictor of toxicity to the aquatic freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca.  Statistical analysis of the dose-response relationship using SPME PAH concentrations demonstrates the high precision of this analytical tool to predict amphipod toxicity.  The application of this new analytical method is being demonstrated through a series of North American case studies that are being conducted in collaboration with various regulatory agencies. The goal of this effort is to develop technical guidance on the use of site-specific measures of contaminant bioavailability that can be used for establishing remedial goals and management strategies for impacted sediments.

Distribution and Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor , Taiwan

Student Presenter

Cheng-Di Dong, Associate Professor, Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Kaohsiung 81143, Taiwan, Tel: +886-7-3617141 ext 3762, Fax: +886-7-3650548, Email: cddong@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Chih-Feng Chen, Ph.D. Candidate, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Tel: +886-7-5252000 ext 4413, Fax: +886-7-5254449, Email: dong3762@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Chiu-Wen Chen, Associate Professor, Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University , 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Kaohsiung 81143 Taiwan, Tel: +886-7-3617141 ext 3761, Fax: +886-7-3650884, Email: cwchen@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Chun-Ting Chen, Senior Engineer, China Steel Corporation, 1 Chung Kang Road , Kaohsiung 81233 Taiwan , Tel: +886-7-8021111 ext 3831, Fax: +886-7-8039824
Chih-Ming Kao, Professor, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Tel: +886-7-5254413, Fax: +886-7-5254449

The distribution and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor , Taiwan were investigated. Sediment samples from twelve locations in the Kaohsiung Harbor were collected on May and October, 2006 and characterized for 17 PAHs, metal content (e.g., Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Al), water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease, and grain size. Results showed that total PAHs concentrations varied from 0.47 to 16.2 mg kg-1. PAH concentrations at the vicinity of river mouth with the industrial discharge were higher than those at other locations. PAH concentrations correlated closed to the physical-chemical properties of the sediments, which reflected the influence of industrial discharge from the neighboring industrial parks. Results would help develop strategies for sediment remediation of Kaohsiung Harbor.

Adsorption Behavior of Phthalate Acid Esters on Sediments along the Yellow River in China

Hui Chen, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China, Email: lzchenh@sina.com  
Yuan Zhang, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 30070, P.R. China 
Mingguang Ma, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
YingqingWu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China

As the persistent organic pollutants, phthalate acid esters (phthalates, PAEs) are mainly used in plasticizers for cellulosic and some vinyl ester resins, paper and paint industries, and are periodically released into the Yellow River of Lanzhou Section in China . These organic compounds can be easily adsorbed onto sediments and soils as well as persist in the environment because their volatility and water solubility are very limited. Three PAEs - dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were chosen as the indicators in the adsorption experiments by the sediments along the Yellow River . A solid-phase extraction (SPE) on hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (Waters1515）were used for the detection of PAEs. The research was focused on the influential factors of adsorption behavior of three PAEs including the ionic strength and pH of water-sediment medium.

The maximum adsorption quantities for three PAEs were ranged from 0.2 to 1.1mg/g. The research results indicated that the three organic pollutants were easily adsorbed by the sediments distributed along the Yellow River . Moreover, the organic pollutants were possibly released to the water body through the desorption reactions under the certain conditions, causing the potential threat on human health. The adsorption isotherms well fitted Freundilich model. The experimental results proved that the adsorption capacity of the sediments on DMP, DEP, DBP could be increased with the increase of pollutant concentrations, but there was no evident influence of ionic strength on the adsorption capacity of sediments when the strong adsorption capacity occurred at pH5.0 and 9.0, respectively. The research results can be helpful to make the effective countermeasures for preventing the Yellow River contamination from phthalate acid esters that are retained on the sediments.

Keywords: phthalate acid esters, sediments, adsorption, ionic strength, pH

Phosphorus Fractionation in Marine Sediments, Singapore using a Fractionation Extraction Procedure

Dang The Cuong, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 and Tropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119223, Fax: (65)-6774 9654. Email: tmsdtc@nus.edu.sg
Jeffrey Philip Obbard, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 and Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119223

Phosphorous in benthic sediments is one of the main factors that control the trophic status of aquatic systems. To determine the role of sediments as a source of phosphorus to the overlying water column, total phosphorus content and the fractionation of phosphorus in sediment phases was investigated in benthic sediments collected from Singapore ’s marine environment.  Fractionation measurements were conducted using the European Programme, Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) protocol. Phosphorous fractionation in benthic sediments subjected to agitation and exposure to water of varying salinities was determined, as well as phosphorous migration into in water. Data are used to evaluate transfer rates of phosphorus from benthic sediments into the water column.

Key words: Sediments, phosphorus fractionation, eutrophication, STM protocol

Assessing Pollution Levels in Dredged Sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, using Sediment Quality Guidelines

Cheng-Di Dong, Associate Professor, Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81143, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel: +886-7-3617141 ext 3762, Fax: +886-7-3650548, Email: cddong@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Chiu-Wen Chen, Associate Professor, Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81143, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel: +886-7-3617141 ext 3761, Fax: +886-7-3650884, Email: cwchen@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Chih-Feng Chen, Ph.D. Candidate, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel: +886-7-5252000 ext 4413, Fax: +886-7-5254449
Chun-Ting Chen, Senior Engineer, China Steel Coporation, 1 Chung Kang Road, Hsiao Kang, Kaohsiung 81233, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel: +886-7-8021111 ext 3831, Fax: +886-7-8039824
Chih-Ming Kao, Professor, Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel: +886-7-5254413, Fax: +886-7-5254449

Contamination levels and the possible toxicity were assessed in the Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, using different sediment quality guidelines. Eighty dredged sediment samples were collected from different locations of the harbor. The distribution of heavy metals, nutrients and total organic carbons was investigated in sediment samples from this harbor. The grain size effect, normalization using Al element, enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index on metal concentration in sediments are discussed and the data were compared with other harbors in the world. Dredged sediments of the Kaohsiung Harbor are characterized as moderate contamination level with TOC (1.1-5.4 %), TN( 1601-4297μg/g), TP (282-649μg/g) and heavy metals Hg (0.39-2.99μg/g), Pb (11-82μg/g), Cd 0.11-1.30μg/g), Cr (14-473μg/g), Cu (16-284μg/g), Zn (96-1071μg/g). Industrial activities, urban sewage effluents, antifouling paints and spills during shipping operation are the major sources of contamination around the harbor. The sediment quality guidelines have been demonstrated as a useful tool for the management and decision-making of the dredged material.

Up-to-date Technology for Treatment Dredged Sediments and its Beneficial Applications in Ago Bay, Japan

Daizo Imai, Mie Industry and Enterprise Support Center, Core Lab., Shima, Ago, Ugata 3098-9, Mie 517-0501, Japan, Tel: +81 599 44 1017, Fax: +81 599 43 1172, Email: d-imai@miesc.or.jp
Ahmed H.A. Dabwan, Anotsu Research Institute for Environmental Restoration, Tsu, Ano, Ano 2630-1, Mie 514-2302, Japan, Tel: +81 59 267 1588, Fax: +81 59 267 1590, Email: ahmedmie2000@gmail.com
Tadaya Kato, Research Director of the CREATE Program of Mie Industry and Enterprise Support Center , Sakaemachi 1-chome 891, Tsu, Mie 514-0004, Japan , Tel: +81 59 228 3376, Fax: +81 59 228 3173
Satoshi Kaneco, Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Tel: +81 59 231 9427, Fax: +81 59 231 9427
Hideyuki Katsumata, Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Tel: +81 59 231 9425, Fax: +81 59 231 9425
Tohru Suzuki, Environmental Preservation Center , Mie University , Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan , Tel: +81 59 231 9647, Fax: +81 59 231 9647
Kiyohisa Ohta, Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Tel: +81 59 231 9426, Fax: +81 59 231 9426

Ago Bay is a typical enclosed-coastal sea, which is connected with the Pacific Ocean with very narrow and shallow entrance of the bay and is well known to be the most world-famous area as the starting bay on the culture of pearl. The bay is contaminated in the continuation of pearl culture for the span of 110 years. In recent years, the dredging of the organic contaminated sea bottom sediments has been developed in order to restore the sea environment condition and prevent from deteriorating the serious damage of pearl industry in Mie pref., Japan . However, the aspects of technical feasibility, economy, environmental and possibilities of product reuse could not be resolved. On 2005, up-to-date technology for a new in-situ prototype treatment system, exactly named the Hi-Biah-System (HBS), was developed and demonstrated in our project. Furthermore, the coagulant developed from the Paper Sludge Ash (PSA) could progress the solidification/stabilization processes such as the hydration reaction and ettringite formation with the pozzolanic reaction after adding the dredged sediment. With the HBS using PSA, the dredged material (>90 wt% is water) was reduced to 60 wt% placed in the confined disposal facilities (CDFs), which was replaced the technical turning point in muddy sediment belongs to the high watery, organically-enriched and much finely fraction (<75 μm) with beneficial applications for creating the new coastal environments. This paper describes the following points. (1) Constructing the biologically productive/environmentally friendly artificial tidal flat. (2) Making the bio-activated micro-habitat pellets for microorganism in order to promote the remediation of contaminated seawater and sediments. (3) Creating the stable surface area for culturing seaweeds and seagrasses since their plants provide shelter and feeding grounds for a diverse assemblage of organism. The present work is supported by “Environmental Restoration Project on enclosed Coastal Seas in Ago Bay ” under the CREATE program of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).

Funnel and Gate Design for the Capping of Impacted Sediments

Fayaz Lakhwala, Adventus Group, 1435 Morris Ave., Union, NJ 07083, Email: fayaz.lakhwala@adventusgroup.com
Joanna Moreno, Adventus Group, 11560 Penney Road, Conifer, CO 80433, Email:  joanna.moreno@adventusgroup.com
Michael Duchene, Adventus Group, 745 Bridge St. W., Suite 7, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2V 2G6, Email: Michael.duchene@adventusgroup.com
John Hull, 3401 Glendale Avenue, Suite 300, Toledo, OH 43614, Email: jhull@hullinc.com

Sub-aqueous sediments may be capped to protect the overlying water and biota from continuing contamination or the effects of sediment removal. Permeable caps may not be protective for the required lifetime and low-permeability caps may alter the natural flow system and in some cases need to be vented to address gaseous disruption. A new technology, combining two well-established technologies: zero-valent iron (ZVI) (O’Hannesin, 2003) and low-permeability capping (Battelle, 2005, 2006) proposes to provide treatment for a wider range of applications than impermeable or permeable caps alone.  The technology is analogous to funnel and gate systems that have been implemented at multiple sites for groundwater plume remediation.  This paper presents a modeling analysis of funnel and gate designs for a range of typical, full-scale subsurface sediment capping conditions. Basic model conditions are derived from field data and observations at existing sites and model assumptions are based on field data funnel and gate systems using either ZVI or granular activated carbon for the treatment medium. Flow and reactive transport modeling was used to evaluate the migration of naphthalene, arsenic, copper, and trichloroethylene to justify cap gate design parameters (areal extent, residence time, and hydraulic conductivity). The expected lifetime of the reactive gate materials is discussed. The results of the modeling analysis are being used to design a pilot application.

Enclosing Dioxins Contaminated Sediment by Geotextile Tubes

Yugo Masuya, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 305-8516, Tel: 029-879-6767, Fax: 029-879-6798
Hitoshi Taninaka, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 305-8516, Tel: 029-879-6767, Fax: 029-879-6798
Isamu Takahashi, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 305-8516, Tel: 029-879-6767, Fax: 029-879-6798
Hidetoshi Kohashi, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 305-8516, Tel: 029-879-6767, Fax: 029-879-6798

In 2002, Japan enacted environmental standards for dioxins contaminated sediment. A nationwide sediment dioxins survey of public waters found sediment exceeding environmental standards in some rivers: a problem requiring countermeasures. The Eco-tube is a permeable geotextile container with soft and high water content sediment deposited in rivers, lakes, and marshes. It promotes dewatering of the sediment, and the filtering function of the tubes can purify the drain and enclose toxic substances such as dioxins. After dewatering, they are used to build embankments by taking advantage of their tensile strength. This report describes a trial execution of Eco-tubes that enclose dioxins contaminated sediment. The trial followed preliminary testing: measuring the quantity and turbidity of the drain by pressurized filtering test to examine the geotextile’s filtering performance and select the coagulant. Next, 0.2m³ tubes of the selected material were filled with sediment and used for laboratory experiments based on the actual execution, confirming the dewatering speed and filtering effectiveness of the method. The trial applied 2 patterns (5 cases) based on the test results.  (1) Filling high density tubes with sediment already containing coagulant. (2 cases) (2) Filling tubes with sediment and adding coagulant into drain. (3 cases) Results: (1) Drain of 130pg-TEQ/g dioxins contaminated sediment becomes 2.4 pg-TEQ/l. (2) Drain including the 960pg-TEQ/l dioxins went down 0.42pg-TEQ/l by adding coagulant. Pattern (2) was much easier to execute, and more effectively reduced turbidity of the water. The tube height fell to 1/2 to 1/7 of maximum height in about 5 months. These findings confirmed that Eco-tube enclose dioxins contaminated sediment and reduce the volume of sediment by dewatering.

Assessment of Risk of the Release of Combustible Vapors during Solidification/Stabilization Treatment of Highly Contaminated Sediment

Talaat Balba, Ph.D., Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 2055 Niagara Falls Boulevard, Suite 3, Niagara Falls, NY 14304, Tel: 716-297-6150, Fax: 716-297-2265, Email: tbalba@craworld.com
Sophia Dore Ph.D., Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 2055 Niagara Falls Boulevard, Suite 3, Niagara Falls, NY 14304, Tel: 716-297-6150, Fax: 716-297-2265, Email: sdore@craworld.com
Donald Pope B.S., Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 2055 Niagara Falls Boulevard, Suite 3, Niagara Falls, NY 14304, Tel: 716-297-6150, Fax: 716-297-2265, Email: dpope@craworld.com
Jennifer Smith M.S., Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 2055 Niagara Falls Boulevard, Suite 3, Niagara Falls, NY 14304, Tel: 716-297-6150, Fax: 716-297-2265, Email: jjsmith@craworld.com
Alan Weston Ph.D., Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 2055 Niagara Falls Boulevard, Suite 3, Niagara Falls, NY 14304, Tel: 716-297-6150, Fax: 716-297-2265, Email: aweston@craworld.com

Solidification/stabilization is a widely used method of decreasing the toxicity of sediments contaminated with metals and PCBs to allow them to be left in place or disposed of safely.  For sediments that are also highly contaminated with volatile organic compounds, however, it is possible that the physical act of mixing or the reaction between the sediments and the solidification agent may release toxic material into the air.  A treatability study was performed to assess this risk for a sediment contaminated with metals and volatile hydrocarbons and to determine whether solidification/stabilization was a viable option for sediment with the potential to release combustible vapors.

Sediment from a lagoon that is to be excavated at a facility in Louisiana was expected to require solidification.   Very high levels of hexane and heptane were present in the sediment and there was a concern that treatment could vaporize combustible levels of the hydrocarbons from the sediment.

Solidification tests were set up using different concentrations of solidification agents.  In order to determine whether solidification of the sediment would result in the production of potentially combustible heat or vapors, the temperature of the sample and the air above the sample were monitored during the mixing tests.  Calcium oxide (quicklime) was the preferred solidification agent, but was expected to produce heat on contact with the wet sediment, and was therefore associated with the highest risk of combustion.   Analysis of the vapor above the sample showed that the heat generated by the reaction of typical treatment dose did not appear to increase volatilization of hydrocarbons from the sediment.  However, significant volatilization occurred if a larger amount of quicklime was mixed with the sediment.

This bench scale treatability study allowed the optimum solidification and dose to be selected and the potential for the release of combustible vapors to be assessed in a safe, timely and cost effective manner.

Factors Affecting Sediment in Calcareous Soils of Northwestern Iran

A. R. Vaezi, Department of Soil Science, Zanjan University , Zanjan 14115-336, Iran, Tel: +98 9144230426, Fax: +98 2188005035Email: vaezi_ar@yahoo.com
H. A. Bahrami, Department of Soil Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran, Bahrami, Tel: 09121307364, Fax: +982188005035, Email: bahramihg@yahoo.com
S .H. R. Sadeghi, Department of Watershed Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46417, Iran, Tel: 09123905042, Fax: +98 2188005035, Email: shrsadeghi@yahoo.com
M. H. Mahdian, Institute of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Tehran 13445-1136, Iran, Tel: 09123033979, Fax: +98 2188022213, Email:  Mahdian_1338@yahoo.com

Relationship between soil physicochemical properties and the sediment was investigated in the Hashtrood, located in northwestern Iran from March 2005 to March 2006. The study soils were mainly clay loam and have almost 1% organic matter and 13% lime that mainly are used for wheat dry farming. In order to investigate, a zone of agricultural soils with 900 km2 in area was selected and divided into 36 regular grids with a dimension of 5 km. Erosion plots with a dimension of 1.83 m wide and 22.1 m long were installed on 9% slopes at 3 replicates with 1.5 m intervals. The sediment at the erosion plots was measured resulting from 23 natural rainfall events during the study period. There was not significant different in rain amount producing sediment in the rain stations on the study site. The results indicated that the sediment was significantly correlated with sand, silt, silt + very fine sand, organic matter, lime, water-aggregate stability and permeability  while correlations between the sediment with clay, gravel and potassium was not significant. The silt and silt + very fine contrary to other soil properties positively correlated to the sediment. Using method of principal component analysis indicated that the clay, lime and permeability can state relationship between the calcareous soil properties and its sediment. These properties significantly (r2 = 0.84, p<0.001) affect the sediment. The clay and lime at level of 0.05 and permeability at level of 0.001 significantly decreased the sediment.

Keywords: Calcareous soil; Physicochemical properties; Sediment; Iran

Remediating Sediment with Hydraulic Dredging and Geotubes®

Marilyn M. Wade, P.E., LSP, Senior Project Manager, URS Corporation, 5 Industrial Way, Salem, NH 03079, Tel: 603-893 0616, Email: marilyn_wade@urscorp.com

At a Massachusetts Contingency Plan site more that a century of backfilling and erosion of metals impacted soils into a near shore marina basin resulted in deposition of metals impacted sediments to significant depths across a third of the marina area.  Planned maintenance dredging of the marina would resuspend and expose the sediments to ecological receptors. This project was undertaken to achieve sufficient depths to accommodate marina operations and to remove identified impacted sediments from a portion of the marina in accordance with the MCP. The remedial alternatives evaluation concluded that the least intrusive alternative that would provide a permanent remedy was hydraulic dredging of the unimpacted and impacted sediments from the marina, treatment of dredge effluent, dewatering of dredged sediments in Geotubes®, consolidation of these sediments with impacted soils from other upland areas of the site and subsequent capping. Federal, state and local permits restricted dredge operations to occur only between November and February.  The sediment dredging was accomplished utilizing a hydraulic dredge positioned on a barge platform. The marina was dredged to target depths using a GPS positioned rotary cutter head and a suction pump. The resulting sediment/sea water slurry was pumped through a slurry pipeline and an on shore booster pump to a Smartfeed® effluent processing facility. The Smartfeed system conditioned the dredge effluent with polymer and distributed the treated effluent to designated Geotubes based on predetermined sediment segregation requirements. Dewatering run-off was clean and free of suspended solids and was routed through two temporary infiltration basins. Any overflow was pumped back to the dredge area and discharged inside the silt curtain. This presentation will include project photographs, figures and narrative illustrating the project benefits, roadblocks and modifications required to successfully complete the remediation within the permit required seasonal window.   

Top