Permeable Sorption Barriers for Groundwater Protection Combined with Containment and Anaerobic Treatment of Pesticide Contaminated Soils
Eric C. Hince, P.G., Geovation Consultants, Inc., 468 Route 17A, Florida , NY, 10021, Tel: 845-651-4141, Fax: 845-651-0040, Email: echince@geovation.com
George Alther, Biomin, Inc., P. O. Box 20028 , Ferndale , MI 48220 , Tel: 248-544-2552, Fax: 248-544-3733, Email: Biomin@aol.com

Approximately 29,000 tons of soils contaminated with DDT and toxaphene were treated with proprietary amendments designed to facilitate a combination of anaerobic reductive dechlorination and anaerobic oxidation biodegradation processes.  After treatment, the soils were placed in a “biocell” designed for long-term containment and passive anaerobic bioremediation.  Permeable sorption barriers were constructed as groundwater-protection components of the biocell. The lower barrier was constructed by amending native coarse-sand and gravel soils with a 3:1 mixture (weight/weight) comprised of 116,000 lbs. of montmorillonite and 40,000 lbs. of a proprietary “organoclay” specialty filtration media (Biomin, Inc.).  The clay materials were mechanically incorporated into the upper six inches of native soils and compacted to achieve a permeability estimated to be on the order of from 1 x 10-5 to 1x10-6 cm/sec (substantially lower than estimated “native” permeability of about 1x10-2 cm/sec).  The clay minerals within the sorption barrier provide a selective capacity to adsorb more than 2 x 1010 mg of pesticides, an amount 10 times greater than the total mass of pesticides present in the soils prior to treatment.  Based on calculations of estimated leak rates through the overlying geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), the clay-amended sorption barrier would provide protection for an estimated 7 x 107 years against pesticides leaching at concentrations approaching their maximum solubility.

A Bentomat™ SDN geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) was installed immediately above the clay-amended sorption barrier (CETCO Lining Technologies).  BentomatTM SDN consists of a layer of sodium bentonite between two sheets of non-woven geotextile fabric.  The GCL was installed immediately above the clay-organoclay sorption barrier, around the sides of the biocell and anchored into clean soil berms surrounding the biocell to provide further containment and long-term groundwater protection.  Aside from the obvious protective benefits provided for by the GCL, the primary function of the GCL is to slow the rate of fluid flow through the overlying peat-amended biofiltration layer and hence to greatly increase the residence time of pore-water fluids in the biofiltration layer.  The biofiltration layer is comprised of a mixture of >2,300 cubic yards of clean and low-pesticide-concentration soils (i.e., ± 0.5 - 10 mg/Kg) blended with >248,000 lbs. of aged peat.  The peat-amended soils comprising the biofiltration layer were processed in a power screen and emplaced on the surface of the GCL via a mechanical conveyor system.  The final installation of the biofiltration soil layer resulted in a ± one-foot thick lift immediately above the GCL.  The amount of aged peat incorporated into the biofiltration layer provides a selective capacity to adsorb more than 9 x 1010 mg of pesticides, approximately 90 times the total mass of pesticides present in the soils prior to treatment.  Based on calculations of estimated leak rates through the underlying GCL, the peat-amended biofiltration layer would provide protection for more than 2.5 x 108 years against pesticides leaching to groundwater.  The combination of the clay-amended sorption barrier, Bentomat GCL and peat-amended biofiltration layer provide a total selective capacity to adsorb more than 1.25 x 1011 mg of pesticides, (two orders of magnitude greater than the total mass of pesticides prior to treatment), and provide more than 3.5 x 108 years protection against the leaching of pesticides to groundwater.

Site Remediation Using Advanced Mixed Oxidation Technology
Raymond G. Ball, EnChem Engineering, Inc., Principal Engineer, 119 Oakdale Road, Newton, MA 02461, USA, Tel: 617-795-0058, Fax: 617-795-1669, Email: rball@en-chem.com
Sandy Weymouth, EnChem Engineering, Inc., Project Engineer, 119 Oakdale Road, Newton , MA 02461 , USA , Tel: 617-795-0058, Fax: 617-795-1669, Email: sweymouth@en-chem.com
James Elsenbeck, EnChem Engineering, Inc., Project Geophysicist, 119 Oakdale Road, Newton , MA 02461 , USA , Tel: 617-795-0058, Fax: 617-795-1669, Email: jelsenbeck@en-chem.com

EnChem Engineering, Inc. is a specialty remediation company focused on in-situ chemical oxidation with patent-pending technology. EnChem has worked at various sites throughout the northeast and mid-Atlantic contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

EnChem Engineering, Inc. has developed new oxidation chemistry for subsurface remediation of volatile organic compounds, including petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated volatile organic compounds, with a focus on MTBE.

A discussion of the chemistry, batch testing results, pilot test results, and full scale treatment results will be presented with a detailed discussion of the pilot test and two case studies. A novel delivery system for injection of the oxidant mixture into the subsurface will also be discussed.

Application of Ecological Risk-based Approach to the Remediation of a Former Manufacturing Plant Site
Pieter Booth, Exponent, Inc., 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250 , Bellevue , WA , 98007 , USA , Tel: 425-519-8709, Fax: 425-519-8799; Email: boothp@exponent.com
Margaret E. McArdle, Exponent, Inc., 8 Winchester Place, Suite 303 , Winchester , MA , 01890 , USA , Tel: 781-721-8404, Fax: 781-721-8499; Email: mcardle@exponent.com

A risk-based approach was used to define the limits of remediation in a former settling lagoon, brook and associated wetlands adjacent to a former manufacturing plant.  Previous studies indicated that sediment, soil, and surface water contained metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides above screening benchmarks.  A carefully designed sampling and analysis plan was carried out to ensure results of the study could be used to define risk-based remedial objectives, including the geographic extent of remedial actions, and would be consistent with the requirements of site assessment regulations of the Massachusetts Contingency Plan and applicable ecological risk assessment guidance.  The results of chronic sediment toxicity tests paired with bulk sediment chemistry and PAH bioavailability measurements were used to assess risk and define the extent of remediation required in the brook.  Apparent Effects Thresholds (AETs) were developed for constituents in sediment of the brook to define areas for sediment removal.  The extent of remediation will be defined by verification sampling and screening relative to the site-specific remediation verification level for lead.  Risks to wildlife receptors were assessed in the lagoon and wetlands by estimating exposure to plant-related chemicals primarily through consumption of prey and comparing those estimates to toxicity reference values.  Risks to wildlife receptors in the lagoon cannot be ruled out, although such risks are unlikely to result in population-level impacts.  Rather than conducting additional investigations, the owner opted to implement sediment removal in the lagoon to eliminate risk.  No remedial action is necessary for the wetlands because there are no unacceptable risks to wildlife receptors.

Combined Soil and Groundwater Remediation Strategies Using Electrical Resistance Heating
David Fleming, Thermal Remediation Services, Inc., 7421 A Warren Ave SE, Snoqualmie , WA   98632 , USA , Tel: 425-396-4266, Fax: 425-396-5266, Email: dfleming@thermalrs.com

 Aggressive in situ thermal remediation technologies such as Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) were created primarily to vaporize volatile organic compounds. However, other semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds have also been encountered, resulting in observations of chemical, biological and physical reactions that have not been normally considered for dissolved phase treatment or combining with aggressive source zone treatment technologies such as ERH. One such reaction is hydrolysis, which is slow under normal groundwater temperatures, becomes very rapid under temperatures that can easily be achieved using ERH.  Heat-enhanced hydrolysis has been used to remediate dichloromethane from soils and groundwater at various sites, including pesticide compounds in Maryland and California .   

For situations where dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) are present, ERH provides the appropriate redox conditions and accelerated biological activity to provide for dissolved phase treatment.  ERH increases dissolved organic carbon content by an order of magnitude, providing more than ample terminal electron donors for the biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds.  Further, bioactivity has been shown to increase during and after ERH, which can be used to provide for combined treatment technologies.

For the treatment of oil and coal tar residues from manufactured gas plants, a process TRS has called steam bubble floatation is used to physically remove the coal and oil tar from the soils for collection using conventional multi-phase methods.  It has been found that the ERH steam bubble floatation process can significantly reduce (>85% concentration reduction) coal and oil tar constituents with boiling points of less than 300°C.  This leaves behind immobile oil and coal tar fractions with limited impact on groundwater.  As a result, these chemical, physical and biological reactions are increasing the applicability of ERH in environmental restoration projects, treating a wider variety of compounds and utilizing biotic and abiotic mechanisms to reduce energy costs. 

Pemaco Superfund Site –Expediting a Complex Project to Site Closure
David Fleming, Thermal Remediation Services, Inc., 7421 A Warren Ave SE, Snoqualmie , WA   98632 , USA , Tel: 425-396-4266, Fax: 425-396-5266, Email: dfleming@thermalrs.com

The Pemaco Superfund Site in Maywood , CA , is a project example that illustrates how best-in-practice methods can be used to expedite a project through both the Superfund process and site redevelopment.

The Pemaco site was a former chemical blending and distributing facility that used a wide variety of chemicals including chlorinated and aromatic solvents, flammable liquids, oils and specialty chemicals. After the owner abandoned the site in 1991, the remaining stored chemicals, drums, above- and under-ground storage tanks were removed by the EPA between 1992 and 1998.  The site was added to the National Priorities List and entered the Superfund process as an EPA-lead project.

Pemaco is the first EPA-lead Superfund project in California that has used ERH as the primary remedial technology.  Other remedial technologies used include: heat-enhanced bioremediation in the DNAPL source area, and bioremediation, dual-phase extraction, groundwater pump and treat/containment and monitored natural attenuation for other contaminated zones.  Throughout remedial operations, the Pemaco project team has used real-time remedial data measurement tools and real-time web reporting and collaboration tools to assist in remedial decision-making.  Web-based communication and management has increased participation of a geographically-dispersed team and has: facilitated system optimization decisions; resulted in significant cost-savings; and, expedited the path to site closure.

Surfactant Enhanced Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater (In-situ and Ex-situ Case Studies)
George A. Ivey, B.Sc., CEC, CES, CESA, Ivey International Inc., PO Box 706, Campbell River, BC  V9W 6C9, Canada.  Tel:  250-923-6326, Fax:  250-923-0718, Email: budivey@island.net
Paul V. Wierbicki, P.E., P. Eng., Ivey International Inc., 26 Berkeley Place, Newington, CT 06111, USA.  Tel:  506-363-4494, Fax:  506-363-4606, Email: cupw@nbnet.nb.ca

This paper will focus on the application of surfactant enhanced remediation using non-ionic surfactants to improve the in-situ and ex-situ treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater.

Normally hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC) exhibit limited solubility in water as the contaminants tend to partition and sorb (i.e., absorbs and or adsorbs) onto the soil or bedrock matrix. This partitioning can account for as much as >90% of the total contaminant mass.  Consequently, the subject contaminants exhibit a limited ‘availability’ for in-situ and or ex-situ treatment. This includes technologies such as: pump and treatment, bioremediation, chemical oxidation, chemical reduction, soil washing and thermal desorption.  Hence certain HOCs can persist in soils, bedrock, solid waste, waste water and or groundwater for extended periods.

The sorption of contaminates onto solids is considered the principal limiting factor affecting the effectiveness of most treatment technologies. This coupled with complex chemistry, geology and hydrogeology only further complicates matters.

Surfactant enhanced remediation involves the use of surfactant formulations to selectively desorb and dissolve target contaminates from the solid to liquid phase.  In addition, the surfactants lower the surface tension of water from 72 dynes to <30 dynes increasing the wetting and permeability properties of water in fine grain soil and bedrock fractures.  The surfactants affect the sorption of HOC at the solid-liquid interface (i.e., the surface–H2O–NAPL interface).  As a result, the surfactants increase the contaminate solubility and improved ‘availability’ for rapid and cost effective treatment.

Recent Advances & Lessons Learned in Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation
Mark Kluger, Dajak, LLC, 7 Red Oak Road , Wilmington , DE 19806 , Tel: 302-655-6651, Email: mkluger@dajak.com
Jeffrey H. Harwell, Ph.D., P.E., University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd, Norman, OK  73019, Tel: 405-325-4375, Email: jharwell@ou.edu
Ben Shiau, Ph.D., University of Oklahoma , 100 East Boyd, Norman , OK   73019 , Tel: 405-325-4375, Email: bshiau@ou.edu

In-situ surfactant flushing (Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation, SEAR) has enormous potential for rapid remediation of sites contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Early versions of the technology suffered shortcomings, including high surfactant costs and difficulty in maintaining the injected surfactant concentration until it contacted the NAPL.  Recent innovations by Surbec, however, have produced a mature technology that is both reliable and cost effective.  Our extensive field experience with LNAPL sites has led to a standardized approach to designing remedial actions that assures essentially complete (> 95%) removal of free phase and residual NAPL in a matter of a few weeks to a few months. Long term (up to 4 years) monitoring of sites remediated using these innovations show continued significant reductions in ground water concentrations of target contaminants. Costs are competitive with dig-and-haul, with the added benefits that the technology is compatible with existing infrastructure and is also applicable to deep water tables. A full-scale cleanup of a 1.5 acre (6100 m2) LNAPL zone at the Carroll’s Grocery site in Golden, Oklahoma has been monitored for four years. Free phase and residual phase NAPLs were removed and ground water concentrations were reduced by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in a period of 60 days. Four years after remediation, no NAPL has reappeared and ground water concentrations remain below cleanup goals. 

Furthermore, surfactant flushing is now being applied to sites impacted by highly viscous fluids (e.g., heating oil and coal tar) and NAPL-impacted sites located in an active petrochemical plant. Recent development of our new generation surfactant system and the pre-mixed surfactant formulations will also be discussed.

RemOx® EC Catalyzed Permanganate for NAPL Stabilization and Flux Reduction
Fayaz Lakhwala, Adventus Americas, Inc., 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083, Tel: 908-688-8543,  Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Fayaz.Lakhwala@AdventusGroup.com   
Ravikumar Srirangam, Adventus Americas, Inc., 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083, Tel: 908-688-8543,  Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Ravi.Srirangam@AdventusGroup.com
Jim Mueller, Adventus Americas Inc., 2871 W. Forest Road, Suite #2, Freeport, IL 61032,Tel:  815-235-3503, Email: jim.mueller@adventusgroup.com
Joanna Moreno, Adventus Americas Inc., Email: joanna.moreno@adventusgroup.com
Kelly Frasco and Matthew Dingens, Carus Corporation

Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and other residuals present at former MGP and related sites can represent long-term sources of groundwater impact. In some cases, these residuals cannot be physically removed due to physical or logistical constraints. Technologies that isolate or stabilize the NAPL, thereby reducing its ability to impact groundwater and soil vapor (i.e., in situ source area management strategies), may represent valuable tools to address these residuals. As defined herein, in Situ Biogeochemical Stabilization (ISBS) represents a potential means of removing NAPL mass and reducing flux of organic and inorganic constituents of interest (COI) into groundwater, hence accelerating natural attenuation processes and preventing the phenomenon of post-treatment rebound.

ISBS entails the use of a specifically modified (catalyzed, buffered) solution of sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that is introduced into a targeted source zone suspected to contain residual COI. As relatively small amounts of oxidant migrate horizontally and vertically through the targeted source area, various (bio)geochemical reactions that occur between the organic COI and the oxidant cause the destruction or removal of COI residuals via a two-step process which includes: (i) oxidation and (ii) dissolution. The chemical/biological oxidation processes destroy COI present in the dissolved phase. This, in turn, increases the release of COI from NAPLs into the aqueous phase. The more water soluble, lower-molecular-weight (LMW) constituents (e.g., benzene, naphthalene) are treated/removed at a proportionally higher rate, thus leading to a “hardening” or “chemical weathering” of the NAPL as it steadily loses its more labile components.  This increases the viscosity of the NAPL resulting in a more stable residual mass hence the flux of COI released into the dissolved phase is much reduced, and natural attenuation processes are more easily capable of managing associated plumes. ISBS treatment also physically stabilizes NAPL residuals by the formation of manganese dioxide “crusts” or “shells” at the aqueous/organic interface which decreases the permeability of the aquifer adjacent to the NAPL and further reduces the flux of COI.

Data from laboratory and field studies, compiled since 1997, will be reviewed showing COI mass reductions ranging from 10 to 79% within 7 to 10 days of ISBS treatment. Soil permeability/transmissivity was reduced from 70 to 98%, and the flux of COI from ISBS-treated soils into the aqueous phase was reduced from 56 to 99% within the same period of time. Calculations of the hydraulic gradient required to mobilize residual and pooled NAPL showed that the expected increase in horizontal hydraulic gradient due to amendment injection, during the brief injection period, is incapable of mobilizing NAPL whether the NAPL is in residual or pooled form. Results of various physical analyses of the ISBS “crusts” generated from ISBS treatment of MGP soils will be presented, including scanning electron microscopy images of stabilized soils.

EHC™ In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) Technology for In Situ Treatment of Persistent Organic Compounds  
Fayaz Lakhwala, Adventus Americas, Inc. 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083, Tel: 908-688-8543, Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Fayaz.Lakhwala@AdventusGroup.com   
Ravikumar Srirangam, Adventus Americas, Inc. 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083, Tel: 908-688-8543,  Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Ravi.Srirangam@AdventusGroup.com
Jim Mueller, Adventus Americas Inc., 2871 W. Forest Road, Suite #2, Freeport, IL 61032, Tel:  815-235-3503, Email: jim.mueller@adventusgroup.com
Josephine Molin, The Adventus Group – USA, Email: josephine.molin@AdventusGroup.com  
John Valkenburg, The Adventus Group – USA, Email: john.valkenburg@AdventusGroup.com

Abstract The Adventus Group (Adventus) has developed a combination of controlled-release solid carbon and zero valent iron (ZVI) particles to yield a highly effective material for stimulating the reductive dechlorination of otherwise persistent organic solvents present in groundwater. The materials are known as EHC™ and can be employed as fill material for permeable reactive barriers or injected into groundwater and contaminant source zones in a variety of ways. Following placement of EHC into the subsurface environment, indigenous heterotrophic bacteria consume the organic component of EHC (processed fibrous organic material) and consume dissolved oxygen thereby reducing the redox potential in groundwater. In addition, these bacteria ferment carbon and release a variety of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric) into the groundwater plume which serve as electron donors for other bacteria, including dehalogenators and halorespiring species. Finally, the small ZVI particles (i.e., between 10 and 50 mm) provide substantial reactive surface area that stimulates direct chemical dechlorination and an additional drop in the redox potential of the groundwater. These physical, chemical, and biological processes combine to create a strongly reducing (e.g., up to -550 mV E_h) environment that stimulates both chemical and microbiological dechlorination of solvents in groundwater. In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) is defined as the combined effect of stimulated biological oxygen consumption (via “fermentation” of complex organic carbon sources), direct chemical reduction with reduced metals, and the corresponding enhanced decomposition reactions that are realized at the lowered redox (E_h) conditions. These combined effects are unique to EHC™ technology. EHC can be safely and easily applied to the subsurface environment in number of ways for the treatment of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), chlorinated organic pesticides, heavy metals and other persistent compounds (e.g., perchlorate). The poster will present ISCR theory and the various reactions with their estimated sphere of influence, followed by case studies from ISCR projects in the states of Ohio, Kansas and Oregon.

EHC-M In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) Technology for In Situ Treatment of Heavy Metals (and Persistent Organic Compounds) 
Fayaz Lakhwala, Adventus Americas, Inc. 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083,Tel: 908-688-8543,  Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Fayaz.Lakhwala@AdventusGroup.com   
Ravikumar Srirangam, Adventus Americas, Inc. 1435 Morris Avenue, 2nd Flr., Union, NJ 07083, Tel: 908-688-8543,  Fax: 908-688-8563, Email: Ravi.Srirangam@AdventusGroup.com
Jim Mueller, Adventus Americas Inc., 2871 W. Forest Road, Suite #2, Freeport, IL 61032,Tel:  815-235-3503, Email: jim.mueller@adventusgroup.com
Andrzej Prezpiora, The Adventus Group, andrzej.przepiora@adventusgroup.com

EHC-M™ combines controlled-release carbon, zero-valent iron (ZVI) or other reduced metal, and a slow-release source of sulfide ion.  Following placement of EHC substrate into the subsurface saturated zone, a number of physical, chemical and microbiological processes combine to create very strong (e.g., up to Eh <-550 mV) reducing conditions.  These combined effects of stimulated biological oxygen consumption (via fermentation of added organic carbon sources), direct chemical reduction with or other reduced metals, and the corresponding enhanced thermodynamic decomposition reactions that are realized at the lowered redox (Eh) conditions have been termed In situ chemical reduction (ISCR). 

Under ISCR conditions, rapid and complete dechlorination of organic solvents and other recalcitrant compounds (e.g. solvents, pesticides) is realized without the accumulation of catabolites and without relying on physical sequestration as a temporary removal mechanism.   If Arsenic (As) is present, precipitation and adsorption reactions unique to EHC-M will rapidly reduce the concentration of dissolved As in groundwater, from >1,000 to <10 ug/L. Under continuous-flow laboratory conditions, As removal efficiencies exceeding 98% have been maintained for at least 24 months; change in Eh or pH (Figure 1) did not liberate the immobilized As. This supports the premise that arsenopyrite is the primary precipitation product.  Other heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc.) will also participate in similar reactions (Table 1).

In September 2005, the FDEP accepted both EHC and EHC-M as viable technologies for in situ and ex situ remediation of soil and groundwater within the State of Florida .  This presentation will review the biogeochemistry associated with long-term immobilization of As and other heavy metals under ISCR conditions induced via the addition of EHC-M.  Laboratory and field-scale data from Floridian aquifers will be discussed.

PCB and Heavy Metal Soil Remediation, Former Concordia Boat Yard South Dartmouth , Massachusetts
Michael E. Martin, Tighe & Bond, Inc., 4 Barlows Landing Road, Unit 15, Pocasset, MA 02559,Tel:  508-564-7285, Fax:  508-564-7285, Email: memartin@tighebond.com
Marc J Richards, Tighe & Bond, Inc., 446 Main Street,13th Floor, Worcester, MA 01608, Tel:  508-471-9621, Fax:  508-795-1087, Email: mjrichards@tighebond.com

Heavy metals have been added to marine paint for more than 100-years to protect boats from biological, chemical and physical degradation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were added to marine paint starting in the 1940’s to give the paint better adhesive properties and to provide anti-corrosion protection from moisture, chemicals and flames (approximately 2% composition of paint). The nature of the contamination at this project site was primarily heavy metals and PCBs in soil and heavy metals in sediment.  The source of soil contamination was from marine paint chips from repainting and maintenance activities conducted at the boatyard since the early 1900s. The source of sediment contamination was likely from stormwater discharges to Apponagansett Bay from the boatyard and from power washing of boats. The overall goal of the soil remediation was to reduce PCB and metals exposure point concentrations at the Site to levels that did not pose a risk to human health and the environment. The work had to be conducted during the winter months, so the remedial and construction activities did not interfere with daily marina operations. Although there is currently no formal certification process, several site features (including centralized boat washwater collection) were incorporated in the construction/remediation phase of the project to help the property to hopefully become the first Green Marina in Massachusetts . This paper describes the remediation activities performed at the site to achieve the overall remediation goal, which included: the chemical treatment of soil to stabilize the soil (bind leachable lead), excavation and off-site disposal of impacted soils and the construction of a multi-layer asphalt cap containment system to restrict access to residual PCBs and heavy metals (per TSCA requirements). Additionally, this paper will discuss the various regulations to which this project was subject, including the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA, §761.61(a)(4)(i)(A)), the Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP, 310 CMR 40.0000 et seq.), and the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act (310 CMR 10.00 et seq.). As a measure to minimize the potential for future contamination, this project also included the construction of a boat wash/washwater collection system to prevent future paint chip debris from entering the environment. The design and operational parameters of that system will be discussed in this paper.

Remediation of Fuel Oil Release at a Historic Residence in Topsfield , MA
Anne McNeil, Senior Project Manager, ENPRO Services, Inc., 12 Mulliken Way, Newburyport, MA 01950, Email: amcneil@enpro.com
Geoffrey A. Brown, Ph.D., Vice President, ENPRO Services, Inc., 12 Mulliken Way, Newburyport, MA 01950

A release of 100 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil occurred at an unoccupied residential property owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Real Estate Foundation, Inc. (MIT).  The property was donated to MIT upon the death of its previous owner.  The property is improved with a 300 year old residence.  The Topsfield Fire Department (FD) responded after a neighbor smelled petroleum odors, and noted oil discharging from a drainpipe to an unnamed stream intersecting the property.  The Topsfield FD entered the basement and discovered oil leaking from the aboveground tank.

Under contract with MIT and with approval from the MassDEP, to initially stabilize the site, ENRPO located the drainpipe and found it was part of the residence’s perimeter drain system.  ENPRO capped the drainpipe and installed a temporary groundwater collection system to prevent further migration of oil to the stream.  ENPRO also removed oil-impacted debris from the stream and utilized sorbent boom and pads to recover residual oil.

After evaluation of the historic nature of the residence, MIT’s potential re-development of the property, and the adjacent sensitive environmental resource areas including the steam/wetlands and an on-site shallow drinking water well, the selected remedial approach consisted of the structural support and preservation of the historic fieldstone and brick foundation, to allow for excavation of oil-impacted soil beneath the foundation. 

With permits and approvals from the Town of Topsfield , ENPRO excavated approximately 35 tons soil from beneath the foundation via concrete underpinning methodology.  Laboratory analyses of confirmatory soil samples indicate that soil excavation was successful in reducing fuel oil concentrations to below applicable MassDEP Cleanup Standards.  Furthermore, monitoring of groundwater quality also indicates residual concentrations below applicable Standards.  Ecological risk assessment of the steam and wetland is on-going, but ENPRO expects to achieve regulatory close-out prior to the one-year anniversary date.

Presence and Effects on Sewage Treatment Efficiency of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Bozena Mrowiec, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Street, Bielsko-Biala 43-309, Poland, Tel: +48 33 8279182, Fax: +48 33 8279101, Email:bmrowiec@ath.bielsko.pl
Jan Suschka, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Street, Bielsko-Biala 43-309, Poland, Tel: +48 33 8279183, Fax: +48 33 8279101, Email:jsuschka@ath.bielsko.pl

Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, p-xylene and o-ksylene) are found very often in municipal raw sewage. Based on two large WWTP the effects on biological processes including nutrients removal, are presented. The concentration of the investigated aromatic hydrocarbons are varying in the range of 0 to 933 µg/L. Toluene is the compound most often measured in raw sewage. It is also a product of biosynthesis in the process of anaerobic sludge digestion, during the first phase of acidogenesis. The biosynthesis of toluene was highlighted only recently on the base of our investigations. The concentration of toluene in the digested sludge liquor from primary settling tanks could increase to a level 42 000 µg/L. In average the toluene concentration was in the order of 20 000 µg/L The digested sludge supernatant (liquor) returned to the dephosphatation and denitrification stage do affect distinctively those processes. Other aromatic hydrocarbons are observed in lower concentrations of about 30 µg/L. Nevertheless all of the investigated aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX’s) have a more or less negative effect on the treatment. The effects have been evaluated in laboratory experiments for sythetic and real sewage. BTX’s have been added in concentrations in the range from 250 to 1250 µg/L. The biological treatment of municipal and synthetic sewage were performed in anaerobic and aerobic conditions. After the first step of treatment (anaerobic) the concentrations of BTX have decreased from 45 % for benzene to 76 % for p-xylene. A part of BTX was adsorbed on activated sludge. The values of the adsorbed compounds were different from 15 % for benzene to 59 % for p-xylene. The next, aerobic stage permitted an almost complete BTX’s removal.  Only toluene and xylenes remained in the treated in the concentrations up to 13 µg/L. The presence of aromatic hydrocarbons resulted in decrease of the effects of COD, nitrification, and total phosphorus removal. The treated sewage contained higher concentrations of TKN in the range of 10 to 55 mg/L. The activated sludge in the reactors with BTX was darker, containing more mineral substances.

Fluoride in Ground Water: Health Effects and Removal Strategy
Gopal Pathak, Environmental Science and Engineering group,BIT,Mesra, Ranchi ,Jharkhand-835215.India.Tel: 91-651-2276587.Fax:91-651-2275401.Email: pathak_gopal@hotmail.com
Peter Jaffe, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544.USA, Email:jaffe.peter@gmail.com
Kirti Avishek, Environmental Science and Engineering group,BIT,Mesra, Ranchi ,Jharkhand-835215.India.Tel: 91-651-2276587.Fax:91-651-2275401. Email:kavishek@bitmesra.ac.in
Luke MacDonald, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544.USA, email: lmacdona@Princeton.EDU

The recent study in Jharkhand, a state situated in eastern part of India indicates that a significant number of wells and pumps have levels above the WHO drinking water guidelines, ranging from just above 1ppm to 8 ppm. The contaminated water sources include water supplies in schools, and highlight the danger of this water as children are particularly vulnerable to fluorosis , an incurable disease. Millions of hand pumps and wells supply drinking water in rural areas of India and many are contaminated with fluoride. Several methods can remove fluoride from water, most relying on precipitation of fluoride out of solution or the sorption of fluoride ions to particles as in a filter. The “Nalgonda” technique involves adding alumina and lime particles to reservoirs of pumped water, 3000 to 30,000 liters in volume, which must then settle or filter away. But such strategies have largely failed in the past, primarily because they require too much maintenance and are too complex for long term use in rural area. Research show that a variety of materials can defluoridate water. Fan et al. (2003) published an extensive study of low cost materials that could be employed to adsorb fluoride ions, including hydroxyapatite, fluorspar, calcite, and quartz. This opens up possibility of employing simple, small, filtration devices that would be more successful in villages than Nalgonda techniques. Whatever the filter media, it is important that health is protected, which means that filter media should not release contaminants. Aluminum based treatments will release aluminum ions into the water, which could result in significant neurological health problems including Alzheimer’s disease, although this theory is not without controversy.

The present paper deals with an effective and sustainable strategy to halt fluorosis in rural India.

Environmental Assessment and Remediation Strategies for Aquifers Layers
Ioan Bica, Alexandru Dimache, Nicolae Alboiu, Iulian Iancu, Technical University of Constructions Bucharest (UTCB), Bd. Lacul Tei 124, sector 2, Romania, Tel/Fax: 0040212421208,  Email:bica@utcb.ro; aldi@utcb.ro; nalboiu@hidraulica.utcb.ro; iancuiulian@hidraulica.utcb.ro
Mugur Stefanescu, Anca  Voicu, Mihaela Lăzăroaie, Doina Cîrstea, Institute of Biology Bucharest (IBB), Spl. Independenţei 296, Sector 6, 060031, CP 56-53, Romania, Tel: 0040212219202; Fax: 0040212219071, Email: mugur.stefanescu@ibiol.ro; anca.voicu@ibiol.ro; mihaela.lazaroaie@ibiol.ro; doina.cirstea@ibiol.ro
Ioana Gloria Petrisor, Haley & Aldrich,  3187 Red Hill Ave., Suite 155, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA, Tel:  714-371-1803; Fax: 714-371-1853, Email: ipetrisor@HaleyAldrich.com
Sevastiţa Vraciu, Cătalin Constantinoiu, Research-Development National Institute for Environmental Protection Bucharest (INCDPM), Spl. Independenţei 294, sector 6, 060031, Romania, Tel: 0040213182057; Fax: 0040213182001, Email: vraciu@icim.ro; catalin_c@icim.ro;
Ciprian Dumitrescu, Research-Development National Institute for Industrial Ecology (ECOIND), Bucharest, Şos. Panduri 90-92, sector 5, Romania, Tel: 0040214106716; Fax: 0040214100575, dumitrescu.ciprian@gmail.com ;
Ion Onuţu, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti (UPG), Str. Bucureşti 9, 100680, Romania, Tel: 0040244575292, Fax: 0040244575847, Email: ionutu@upg-ploiesti.ro

This study focuses on the use of innovative technologies to evaluate and remediate polluted aquifer layers. The specific objectives include: the optimization of assessment and characterization methods for historically polluted aquifers and the identification of appropriate technological solutions. Our ultimate goal was to establish a standardized and efficient system for evaluation, monitoring, and remediation of historically polluted aquifer layers.

This investigation was conducted in the framework of a collaborative research project funded by Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, involving as partners: the Technical Construction University Bucharest, INCDPM (Research-Development National Institute for Environmental Protection) Bucharest, IBB (Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy), ECOIND (Research-Development National Institute for Industrial Ecology) Bucharest, UPG (Petroleum-Gas University) Ploiesti.

The poster will present the main steps of the study including: the identification and optimization of characterization methods for polluted aquifers (using a database that included non-point and point sources), the use of forensic methods to deliniate the source and age of pollution, and the subsequent assessemnt of the risk and potential for remediation of such aquifers. Innovative bioremediation methods evaluated and influencing parameters will also be included. Such methods were evaluated through pilot studies. Specifically, a laboratory installation was designed and used in the laboratory of Hydrology and Environmental Protection from UTCB (Technical University of Constructions Bucharest) to test and remove contamination from impacted groundwater using reactive barriers. The reactive barriers comprised layers of materials with microbial activity for retention/remediation of water pollutants (bioremediation). Analyzed parameters included: grain particle distribution, stauration, chemical composition of pollutants, and behavior of polluted plume. The results were used to design a remedial system for an identified case study affecting both groundwater and surface water.

In conclusion, a pool of biotechnologies applicable for remediation of a large variety of polluted aquifers has been established and is ready for field deployment.

Evaluation, Operation and Design of Deep Air Sparging Systems to Remediate Petroleum Impacted Groundwater
Jason Phillips, Delta Consultants, 39810 Grand River Avenue, Suite C-100, Novi, Michigan, 48375, Tel: 412-217-6794, Fax: 248-699-0232, Email:  jphillips@deltaenv.com
Lisa Noblet, Delta Consultants, 39810 Grand River Avenue, Suite C-100, Novi, Michigan, 48375, Tel: 248-699-0254, Fax: 248-699-0232, Email:  lnoblet@deltaenv.com
James F. Cuthbertson, P.E.,  Delta Consultants, 39810 Grand River Avenue, Suite C-100, Novi, Michigan, 48375, Tel: 248-699-0259, Fax: 248-699-0232, Email:  jcuthbertson@deltaenv.com

The use of air sparging processes is very well known for the remediation of petroleum impacted groundwater. Typically these practices are implemented near the upper portion of the groundwater table.  Recently however, a modified application of this technique at a depth approximately 50 to 60 feet below the groundwater table was designed and implemented at a site in northern Michigan . A detailed evaluation of the remedial system performance and reliability will be discussed.

A similar system is currently being designed and will be installed in southern Michigan .   An evaluation summarizing the similarities and contrasting the differences between these two systems will be presented which should prove valuable to others tasked with designing similar systems.    

Dredge Spoil Pozzolanic Stabilization/Solidification Using Industrial By-Products
Michael Schrock, Carmeuse Lime, 3600 Neville Road , Pittsburgh, PA 15225, Tel: 412-777-0739, Fax: 412-777-0727, Email: mike.schrock@carmeusena.com
Joel H. Beeghly, Carmeuse Lime, 3600 Neville Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15225, USA, Tel: 412-777-0711, Fax: 412-777-0727, Email: joel.beeghly@carmeusena.com

Large contracts are being awarded to remove and find beneficial uses for dredge spoil.  An example is the Delaware Deepening Project which encompasses over 100 miles of the Delaware River .  One of the challenges is to find economical and environmentally suitable means to stabilize and solidify the solids so they can be reused for structural fill and/or cover soil.  This lab study demonstrates the methodology and results of using three sustainable industrial by-products that can compete with Portland cement and create CO₂ credits.  They are lime kiln dust (LKD), Class F coal fly ash, and spray dryer ash which is the residue from spray dryer absorbers (SDA), a more common type of advanced sulfur dioxide gas scrubbers, that use hydrated lime.  Several new units are coming on-line in Massachusetts and New Jersey . 

These industrial by-products were investigated to determine their potential for stabilizing the dredge solids from the USCOE Ft. Mifflin Confined Disposal Facility (CDF), in Philadelphia County, Pa , with the objective of making a structural fill material.  Another lab study utilized the Cox Creek CDF for Baltimore, MD, harbor.

The performance of the spray dryer ash is compared with a blend of LKD and Class F fly ash.  Enough alkalinity needs to be added to take advantage of the pozzolanic and sulfo-pozzolanic, cementitious reaction potential.  The moisture of the dredge spoil must be reduced as close as possible to the optimum moisture content for maximum dry density.  The addition of these by-products is shown to chemically reduce the free moisture by several types of hydration reactions.  A “mellowing” period before compaction may help prevent swelling from Ettringite precipitation.  Strength measurements with curing time are presented. 

Methods and Examples of Field Adjustments, without the Interruption of Work Plans and Contracts, after Major Data Discoveries during In-situ Pay-for-Performance Remediations
Ron Adams, PE; Environmental Remediation and Financial Services, LLC (“ERFS”) 830-13 A1A North #371, Ponte Vedra, FL 32082, Tel: 904-280-2596, Fax: 904-280-2597, Email: radams@erfs.com
Ron Scrudato, PhD; ERFS, 2150 Highway 35, Suite 250, Sea Girt, NJ 08750 Tel: 732-974-3570, Fax: 732-974-3571, Email: rscrudato@erfs.com
David Spader, PG; ERFS, 2150 Highway 35, Suite 250, Sea Girt, NJ 08750 Tel: 732-974-3570, Fax: 732-974-3571, Email: dspader@erfs.com
Mark Vigneri; ERFS, 2150 Highway 35, Suite 250, Sea Girt, NJ 08750 Tel: 732-974-3570, Fax: 732-974-3571, Email: mvigneri@erfs.com
Andrew Waring, CPG; ERFS, 999 Airport Road , Unit 4, Lakewood , NJ 08701 , Tel: 732-370-6640, Fax: 732-370-6640, Email:  awaring@erfs.com  

Pay-for-Performance in-situ remediation is a very complex subject involving technology selection, logistics, economics and regulatory goals.  These subjects are not static; they actually can change during the process of completing field applications.  Several issues can interrupt field work via major discoveries or new conditions.  This presentation will illustrate five examples of how the On-Contact Remediation Process® model was used to update field designs and economic plans where field discoveries, subsurface obstacles, surface construction, remediation chemistry performance, and even weather caused alternate plans of development to be implemented.  Four of five case studies involved immediate pre-configured solutions and no loss of field work time.  By having adjustable designs with multiple levels if / then / what planning, remediations progress can continue without traditional interruptions to projects.

Innovative Injection Method for Sub-Slab Point Source PCE Remediation
Lyons Witten, PG, LSP, New England Environmental, Inc. 9 Research Drive, Amherst, MA 01002, Tel: 413-256-0202, Fax: 413-256-1092, Email: lwitten@neeinc.com
Alison L. Holmes, New England Environmental, Inc. 9 Research Drive, Amherst, MA 01002, Tel: 413-256-0202, Fax: 413-256-1092, Email: aholmes@neeinc.com

The Site was a dry cleaner from 1950 until 2001.  Two consulting firms identified the presence of dry cleaning solvent (tetrachloroethene; PCE at 117,200 ug/L) and its breakdown products (TCE, and DCE), delineated their extent, and initiated remedial measures at the Site.  When the original building was demolished in 2004, potassium permanganate was mixed with the PCE-impacted soil at the “dry well” to oxidize the contaminant.  Permanganate was also injected into several on-Site wells to treat a second identified “PCE source area.”  At the time of construction of a new building, a 20 x 20 foot sub-slab passive vent system was installed under a portion of it above the former “dry well”.  When solvents were detected within the new building, a blower and activated carbon were added to the sub-slab vent to create an active soil vapor extraction (SVE) system.  This system has been in place for three years and is protecting indoor air quality.

In 2005, the PCE concentrations in groundwater had rebounded to 50,300 ug/L and the PRP hired New England Environmental (NEE) to gain control of rising contaminant concentrations and bring closure to the Site.  NEE installed injection wells along the upgradient sides of the new building and discovered that clay prevented the injection of any significant volume of oxidizer.  The Remedial Plan for the Site was then modified to allow gravity injection of permanganate via the SVE gravel bed under the building.  This injection method has been repeated several times with water flushing at regular intervals after injections to assist with migration and activation of the oxidizer.  After injections, the blower can be re-started within several hours to maintain indoor air quality.  This injection method is steadily improving groundwater quality and is anticipated to take several more years to reach closure of this Site.

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